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Trip chaining: Linking the influences and implications.

機(jī)譯：行程鏈：鏈接影響和含義。

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Transportation analysts have monitored with interest the emergence of trip chaining, or multi-purpose trip making, which is becoming a common method of travel for many households. As of 2001, 61% of all working age adults trip chained. From a policy perspective, this warrants attention as these 61% of adults who trip chain generate 68% of average daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT). In addition, most trip chaining is accomplished by automobile and generally alone or with other family members. Trip chaining research has focused predominantly on travel by workers and findings suggest that one reason for its increase is that workers are scheduling non-work activities into their work commute, largely to support household needs (primarily childcare but also for shopping and personal business).;Since the 1990s, significant federal funding has supported programs to improve air quality through reduced emissions. These include employer-based programs that seek to reduce VMT through ride sharing and the use of transit, along with incentives for doing so. The success of these programs is based on the flexibility of the commuter to change his/her work mode. As indicated above, however, trip chaining is typically associated with decreased flexibility and almost in direct conflict with programs that encourage alternative commute modes.;This research identifies household, demographic, work, and activity setting factors that influence trip chaining in order to understand the related policy implications for employer-based programs that seek to reduce VMT through encouraging alternative commute modes. Using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey, a market segmentation identified trip chaining influencers. These were primarily the presence of children under the age of 16, worker status, more than one household adult, a high vehicle-to-worker ratio, and educational attainment above the high school level.;The findings indicate that while between 30 and 42% of workers commute in the traditional manner, employer-based programs can achieve greater returns if increased focus is placed on improving employer amenities. In addition, further VMT reduction can be achieved through new programs that target the household instead of the employer, as evidenced by the TravelSmart program in Australia and SmartTrips program in Portland, OR.
機(jī)譯：運(yùn)輸分析人員感興趣地監(jiān)視了旅行連鎖或多功能旅行的出現(xiàn)，這已成為許多家庭旅行的常用方法。截至2001年，在所有工作年齡的成年人中，有61％的人使用鏈條旅行。從政策的角度來(lái)看，這值得引起注意，因?yàn)檫@61％的成年旅行鏈成年人產(chǎn)生了68％的平均每日行車(chē)?yán)锍蹋╒MT）。另外，大多數(shù)旅行連鎖是由汽車(chē)完成的，通常是獨(dú)自或與其他家庭成員一起完成。出行鏈接研究主要集中在工人的出差上，研究結(jié)果表明，這種增加的原因之一是，工人將非工作活動(dòng)安排在工作上下班途中，主要是為了滿(mǎn)足家庭需求（主要是育兒，還包括購(gòu)物和個(gè)人業(yè)務(wù)）。自1990年代以來(lái)，大量的聯(lián)邦資金支持了通過(guò)減少排放來(lái)改善空氣質(zhì)量的計(jì)劃。這些措施包括基于雇主的計(jì)劃，這些計(jì)劃旨在通過(guò)乘車(chē)共享和公共交通的使用來(lái)減少VMT，并提供激勵(lì)措施。這些計(jì)劃的成功基于通勤者改變其工作模式的靈活性。但是，如上所述，旅行鏈通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致靈活性下降，并且與鼓勵(lì)替代通勤模式的計(jì)劃幾乎直接沖突。;本研究確定了影響旅行鏈的家庭，人口，工作和活動(dòng)設(shè)置因素，以便了解旅行鏈。旨在通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)替代通勤模式減少VMT的雇主計(jì)劃的相關(guān)政策含義。使用2001年全國(guó)家庭旅行調(diào)查，市場(chǎng)細(xì)分確定了旅行連鎖影響者。這些主要是16歲以下兒童的存在，工人身份，一個(gè)以上的家庭成人，較高的車(chē)輛與工人比率以及受教育程度高于高中水平。研究結(jié)果表明，年齡在30至42歲之間％的工人以傳統(tǒng)方式上下班，如果將重點(diǎn)放在改善雇主便利性上，基于雇主的計(jì)劃可以取得更大的回報(bào)。此外，可以通過(guò)針對(duì)家庭而不是雇主的新計(jì)劃進(jìn)一步降低VMT，澳大利亞的TravelSmart計(jì)劃和俄勒岡州波特蘭的SmartTrips計(jì)劃就是證明。

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