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Role of geometric complexities and off-fault damage in dynamic rupture propagation.

機譯：幾何復(fù)雜度和斷層破壞在動態(tài)破裂傳播中的作用。

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To analyze the effect of fault branches on dynamic rupture propagation we numerically simulated the observed dynamic slip transfer from the Denali to Totschunda faults during the Mw 7.9, November 3, 2002, Denali fault earthquake, Alaska and show that the theory and methodology of Poliakov et al. [2002] and Kame et al. [2003] is valid for the 2002 Denali fault event. To understand the effect of fault branch length on dynamic rupture propagation we analyze earthquake ruptures propagating along a straight "main" fault and encountering a finite-length branch fault. We show finite branches have the tendency of stopping or re-nucleating rupture on the main fault depending on their length in addition to the parameters singled out by Kame et al. [2003]. We also illustrate branch-related complexities in rupture velocity and slip evolution. We illustrate the effect of backward branches (branches at obtuse angle to the main fault with the same sense of slip as the main fault) and propose a mechanism of backward branching. As a field example we simulate numerically, using a two-dimensional elastodynamic boundary integral equation formulation incorporating slip-weakening rupture, the backward branching phenomenon observed during the Landers 1992 earthquake.; To characterize the effect of supershear ruptures on off-fault materials we extend a model of a two-dimensional self-healing slip pulse, propagating dynamically in steady-state with slip-weakening failure criterion, to the supershear regime and show that there exists a non-attenuating stress field behind the Mach front which radiates high stresses arbitrarily far from the fault (practically this would be limited to distances comparable to the depth of the seismogenic zone). We apply this model to study damage features induced during the 2001 Kokoxili (Kunlun) event in Tibet. We also study the 3D effects of supershear ruptures by simulating bilateral ruptures on a finite-width vertical strike-slip fault breaking the surface of an elastic half-space, and focus on the wavefield in the near-source region. We provide numerical evidence for the existence of Rayleigh Mach fronts, in addition to shear Mach fronts. We conclude that radiating Mach waves of three-dimensional supershear ruptures do transmit large-amplitude ground motions and stresses far from the fault. The amplitudes along the shear Mach front would be moderated at distances greater than the fault width by decay with distance due to geometrical spreading. However, in an ideally elastic material, we do not expect any geometrical attenuation along the Rayleigh Mach front.
機譯：為了分析斷層分支對動力破裂傳播的影響，我們用數(shù)值模擬了阿拉斯加Denali斷層地震在2002年11月3日Mw 7.9級地震中從Denali斷層到Totschunda斷層的動態(tài)滑動轉(zhuǎn)移，并證明了Poliakov等的理論和方法等[2002]和Kame等。 [2003]對2002 Denali斷層事件有效。為了了解斷層分支長度對動態(tài)破裂傳播的影響，我們分析了沿直的“主”斷層傳播并遇到有限長度分支斷層的地震破裂。我們顯示出有限分支，除了由Kame等人選出的參數(shù)外，還取決于其長度，具有在主要斷層上停止或重新成核破裂的趨勢。 [2003]。我們還說明了破裂速度和滑動演化中與分支相關(guān)的復(fù)雜性。我們說明了向后分支的作用（分支到主斷裂成鈍角的分支，并具有與主斷裂相同的滑移感），并提出了向后分支的機制。作為現(xiàn)場實例，我們使用二維彈性動力學(xué)邊界積分方程公式進(jìn)行了數(shù)值模擬，該公式包含了滑移弱化斷裂，即在Landers 1992地震中觀察到的向后分支現(xiàn)象。為了表征超剪切破裂對斷層材料的影響，我們將二維自修復(fù)滑移脈沖模型擴展到超剪切狀態(tài)，該模型在穩(wěn)態(tài)下以滑移弱化破壞準(zhǔn)則動態(tài)傳播，并具有超滑狀態(tài)。馬赫鋒面后面的非衰減應(yīng)力場，它任意地向遠(yuǎn)離斷層的方向輻射高應(yīng)力（實際上這僅限于與成地震帶深度相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x）。我們應(yīng)用此模型來研究2001年西藏Kokoxili（昆侖）事件期間誘發(fā)的破壞特征。我們還通過模擬破壞彈性半空間表面的有限寬度垂直走滑斷層上的雙邊破裂來研究超剪切破裂的3D效應(yīng)，并關(guān)注近源區(qū)域的波場。除了剪切馬赫峰外，我們還提供了存在瑞利馬赫峰的數(shù)值證據(jù)。我們得出結(jié)論，三維超剪切破裂的輻射馬赫波確實傳輸了大幅度的地震動和遠(yuǎn)離斷層的應(yīng)力。沿剪切馬赫鋒面的振幅將在大于斷層寬度的距離處因幾何擴展而隨距離衰減而被緩和。但是，在理想的彈性材料中，我們不希望沿Rayleigh Mach前沿出現(xiàn)任何幾何衰減。

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