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Understanding the role of shaft stiffness in the golf swing.

機(jī)譯：了解桿身剛度在高爾夫揮桿中的作用。

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The purpose of this thesis was to determine how shaft stiffness affects clubhead speed and how it alters clubhead orientation at impact. For the first time, a 3D, six-segment forward dynamics model of a golfer and club was developed and optimized to answer these questions. A range of shaft stiffness levels from flexible to stiff were evaluated at three levels of swing speed (38, 45 and 53 m/s). At any level of swing speed, the difference in clubhead speed did not exceed 0.1 m/s across levels of shaft stiffness. Therefore, it was concluded that customizing the stiffness of a golf club shaft to perfectly suit a particular swing will not increase clubhead speed sufficiently to have any meaningful effect on performance. The magnitude of lead deflection at impact increased as shaft stiffness decreased. The magnitude of lead deflection at impact also increased as swing speed increased. For an optimized swing that generated a clubhead speed of 45 m/s, with a shaft of regular stiffness, lead deflection of the shaft at impact was 6.25 cm. The same simulation resulted in a toe-down shaft deflection of 2.27 cm at impact. Using the model, it was estimated that for each centimeter of lead deflection of the shaft, dynamic loft increased by approximately 0.8°. Toe-down shaft deflection had relatively no influence on dynamic loft. For every centimeter increase in lead deflection of the shaft, dynamic closing of the clubface increased by approximately 0.7°. For every centimeter increase in toe-down shaft deflection, dynamic closing of the clubface decreased by approximately 0.5°. The results from this thesis indicate that improvements in driving distance brought about by altering shaft stiffness are the result of altered clubhead orientation at impact and not increased clubhead speed.
機(jī)譯：本文的目的是確定桿身剛度如何影響桿頭速度以及在撞擊時(shí)如何改變桿頭方向。首次開發(fā)并優(yōu)化了高爾夫球手和球桿的3D，六段前向動(dòng)力學(xué)模型，以回答這些問題。在三個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)速度級(jí)別（38、45和53 m / s）上評(píng)估了從柔韌性到剛度的一系列軸剛度級(jí)別。在任何水平的揮桿速度下，桿身速度的差異在整個(gè)桿身硬度水平上均不超過0.1 m / s。因此，得出的結(jié)論是，定制高爾夫球桿桿身的剛度以使其完全適合特定的揮桿動(dòng)作不會(huì)充分提高球桿頭的速度，從而不會(huì)對(duì)性能產(chǎn)生任何有意義的影響。鉛在沖擊時(shí)的撓度隨軸剛度的降低而增加。隨著揮桿速度的增加，鉛在沖擊時(shí)的撓度也隨之增加。對(duì)于產(chǎn)生具有45 m / s的桿頭速度且桿身具有規(guī)則剛度的優(yōu)化揮桿，桿身在撞擊時(shí)的引線偏斜為6.25 cm。相同的模擬導(dǎo)致撞擊時(shí)腳趾向下的軸偏轉(zhuǎn)為2.27 cm。使用該模型，估計(jì)軸的每一個(gè)鉛心偏移量，動(dòng)態(tài)桿面傾角大約增加0.8°。鞋頭向下的撓度對(duì)動(dòng)態(tài)桿面傾角沒有影響。桿身的導(dǎo)線偏轉(zhuǎn)每增加1厘米，球桿面的動(dòng)態(tài)閉合就增加大約0.7°。腳趾向下偏角每增加1厘米，球桿面的動(dòng)態(tài)閉合減小約0.5°。該論文的結(jié)果表明，通過改變桿身的剛度帶來(lái)的擊球距離的改善是在撞擊時(shí)改變桿頭方向而不是增加桿頭速度的結(jié)果。

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