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Struggle for national survival: Chinese eugenics in a transnational context, 1896-1945.

機譯：為國家生存而奮斗：跨國背景下的中國優(yōu)生學(xué)，1896-1945年。

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My dissertation is a historical investigation of the relationship between science and society through the comparative study of eugenics movements as they developed in both Japan and China from the 1890's to the 1940's. Overall, I envision this project of eugenics as a specific case study against a greater background of the transmission of Western science.; The dissertation is organized into an introduction, five chapters, and an epilogue, The introduction lays out the theoretical terrain and outlines the historical landscape from which eugenics came forth as a subject of interest. The second chapter delineates the emergence of “science” as a set of distinct disciplinary subjects, out of the holistic category of Western Learning (J. yôgaku and C. xixue) contributed by the Jesuits and premodern Eastern intellectuals. Subsequently, this chapter examines how modern scientific terminology was coined and refashioned within the interlocked linguistic context of Japan and China, and the parallel process that the eugenics ideas were going through in this context. After the initial stage of mere introduction of ideas into East Asia, the third chapter accounts for the process of eugenics being received as a branch of “science,” and for its transformation locally, by considering the Galtonian biometric strategy as a route toward scientific justification. With the progress of eugenics and its transformation into a form of public knowledge and a social movement in both countries, the fourth chapter examines their multi-layered social debates on, and politics of, heredity versus social influence on the body. As part of the social development of eugenics, the birth control movement was embraced by the feminists and socialists, but it soon ran up against the hard-line eugenics agenda. Focusing on the eugenicist perception of morality as inherent in sexuality, the fifth chapter analyzes the scientific basis assumed for the gendered assignment of biological function and the intriguing positions of women scientists. The sixth chapter studies the second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) which was perceived by both Japanese and Chinese eugenicists as a war of population. It deals with the eugenicists' representations and the scientists' efforts to forge a cohesive self-identity and national identity in the mobilization campaigns of both governments. It also analyzes the eugenicists' involvement in the State's implementation of population policy and eugenics bills, which were the embodiments of their conception of ethnic nation and racial body. The epilogue brings together prewar and wartime issues of eugenics in a discussion of the revision of the eugenics bill in Japan and the reinstatement of the eugenics bill in the People's Republic of China in the postwar era.; Throughout the thesis, I develop an understanding of “comparativism” as a methodological approach to simultaneity which encompasses plural nonsynchronic consciousnesses and temporalities, in addition to the conventional use of comparativism as juxtaposition to locate parallels of similarity and difference. I also develop a framework of “transnational science” as a more flexible concept to incorporate both local science and colonial science, and other possible forms of international cooperation, competition and circulation of the sciences and technologies. By analyzing the understudied subject of eugenics movements in Japan and China, this study contributes to our understanding of how science in its global transmission was transformed and grew in its local habitats.
機譯：我的論文是通過對優(yōu)生運動從1890年代到1940年代在日本和中國發(fā)展起來的比較研究，對科學(xué)與社會之間的關(guān)系進行了歷史考察?？偟膩碚f，我認(rèn)為優(yōu)生學(xué)這個項目是在西方科學(xué)傳播更大背景下的一個具體案例研究。論文分為引言，五章和結(jié)語。引言概述了理論領(lǐng)域，概述了優(yōu)生學(xué)作為一個有趣的主題而來的歷史景觀。第二章描述了“科學(xué)”作為一組獨特學(xué)科學(xué)科的出現(xiàn)，這些學(xué)科來自西方學(xué)習(xí)的整體范疇（J. y?gaku和C. xixue ）。由耶穌會士和前現(xiàn)代東方知識分子組成。隨后，本章探討了在日中兩國相互聯(lián)系的語言環(huán)境中如何創(chuàng)造和重塑現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，以及在這種情況下優(yōu)生學(xué)思想正在經(jīng)歷的平行過程。在僅將思想引入東亞的初始階段之后，第三章介紹了優(yōu)生學(xué)作為“科學(xué)”分支接受的過程，以及通過將高爾頓生物識別策略視為通向科學(xué)論證的途徑在本地進行轉(zhuǎn)化的過程。 。隨著優(yōu)生學(xué)的進步及其在兩國的公共知識形式和社會運動的轉(zhuǎn)變，第四章考察了遺傳與社會對身體的影響之間的多層次社會辯論以及政治。作為優(yōu)生學(xué)社會發(fā)展的一部分，節(jié)育運動受到女權(quán)主義者和社會主義者的擁護，但很快就與強硬的優(yōu)生學(xué)議程背道而馳。第五章著重于優(yōu)生主義者對道德是性的內(nèi)在認(rèn)識，對第五章分析了生物學(xué)功能的性別分配和女科學(xué)家引人入勝的地位所假定的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)。第六章研究了第二次中日戰(zhàn)爭（1937年至1945年），日本和中國的優(yōu)生主義者都將其視為一場人口戰(zhàn)爭。它涉及優(yōu)生主義者的陳述以及科學(xué)家在兩國政府的動員運動中努力建立凝聚力的自我認(rèn)同和民族認(rèn)同的努力。它還分析了優(yōu)生主義者參與國家實施人口政策和優(yōu)生法案的過程，這是他們對民族和種族團體概念的體現(xiàn)。結(jié)束語集中討論了戰(zhàn)后時代的優(yōu)生學(xué)法案在戰(zhàn)前和戰(zhàn)時的問題，并討論了日本在戰(zhàn)后時代對優(yōu)生法案的修訂和中華人民共和國在恢復(fù)優(yōu)生法案方面的討論。在整個論文中，我對“比較主義”的理解是一種同時性的方法論方法，除了常規(guī)使用比較主義作為并置來定位相似性和差異性的平行性之外，它還包含了多種非共鳴意識和時間性。我還開發(fā)了“跨國科學(xué)”框架，將其作為一個更靈活的概念，以結(jié)合地方科學(xué)和殖民科學(xué)以及其他可能形式的國際合作，競爭和科學(xué)技術(shù)流通。通過對日本和中國優(yōu)生學(xué)運動研究不足的主題進行分析，本研究有助于我們理解科學(xué)在其全球傳播中如何在當(dāng)?shù)厣持修D(zhuǎn)化和生長。

著錄項

  • 作者

    Chung, Yuehtsen Juliette.;

  • 作者單位

    The University of Chicago.;

  • 授予單位 The University of Chicago.;
  • 學(xué)科 History Asia Australia and Oceania.; History of Science.
  • 學(xué)位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 1999
  • 頁碼 383 p.
  • 總頁數(shù) 383
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文語種 eng
  • 中圖分類 世界史;自然科學(xué)史;
  • 關(guān)鍵詞

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