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A problem driven approach to the miniaturization and automation of enzyme-based assays and an investigation of the dissipation of cyanazine and bromide in wetland mesocosms.

機(jī)譯：一種基于問(wèn)題的方法，用于基于酶的測(cè)定的小型化和自動(dòng)化，以及對(duì)濕地介體中氰嗪和溴化物消散的研究。

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Analytical chemistry, as a discipline, has something of an identity crisis. Its role in the development of instrumental methods frequently relegates it into the category of a technology, while the curiosity-driven fundamental studies of the technology drive it into the category of a science. Fortunately, it is possible to do both science and technology simultaneously. Fundamental studies and innovation in technology lead to the same result, better analyses. For this reason, regardless of the strategy of the study, analytical chemistry at its best is problem driven research. This work reflects the approach that it is of paramount importance to answer fundamental and technological questions in the context of real world problems.; Biological recognition elements have enjoyed popularity recently in analytical chemistry. Receptors such as antibodies have been demonstrated to achieve low limits of detection in diverse complex matrices from serum to ground water. Enzymes are an integral part of such bioassays, providing increased sensitivity as a result of the time dependence of their product production. The power of enzyme based immunoassays has been demonstrated since their introduction in 1971. However, enzymes alone have been shown to be valuable bioanalytical tools as exemplified by the plethora of research in the area of implantable amperometric glucose oxidase (GOx) based biosensors for glucose.; Biosensors or biologically based analytical methods must continue to evolve to prove useful in the changing landscape. Recent trends in new drug development have made different demands on the analytical chemist. No longer are simply good limits of detection, sensitivities, or high theoretical plates satisfactory for pharmaceutical companies. As thousands of combinatorial libraries queue up for analysis, speed and sample throughput have become increasingly important. Joining drug companies are hundreds of superfund sites, with millions of complex, toxic samples to be analyzed in a limited time frame. New demands brought about by the political climate in hospitals are forcing clinical labs to consider innovations to improve the speed and cost effectiveness of routine screening. Other considerations, such as minimizing contact with biological fluids brought about by concerns over hepatitis and HIV, renew interest in fundamental research in sample handling and preparation.; This work reflects the approach that it is of paramount importance to answer fundamental and technological questions in the context of real world problems. In Part One two related problems are described. Chapter One demonstrates that the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) may be used to assess the immunogenicity of the immobilized GOx on an implantable glucose sensor. Chapter Two addresses the problem of how enzyme based analytical methods such as those used in Chapter One are automated and miniaturized.; Part Two presents in Chapter Three the results of the environmental analysis of pond water drawn from wetland mesocosms treated with a herbicide and a volume tracer. The significance of this work is two-fold. First, inherent in a field study of this scope is the analytical challenges associated with sampling, sample handling and analysis specifically with respect to throughput. Explicitly, and more importantly, are the valuable discoveries related to the non-conservative behavior of both compounds applied.
機(jī)譯：作為一門學(xué)科，分析化學(xué)具有某種身份危機(jī)。它在儀器方法開發(fā)中的作用經(jīng)常將其歸入技術(shù)類別，而出于好奇心驅(qū)動(dòng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)研究則將其歸入科學(xué)類別。幸運(yùn)的是，可以同時(shí)進(jìn)行科學(xué)和技術(shù)?；A(chǔ)研究和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新可以得出相同的結(jié)果，但需要進(jìn)行更好的分析。因此，無(wú)論研究策略如何，分析化學(xué)最好都是問(wèn)題驅(qū)動(dòng)型研究。這項(xiàng)工作反映了在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中解決基本問(wèn)題和技術(shù)問(wèn)題至關(guān)重要的方法。生物識(shí)別元件最近在分析化學(xué)中得到普及。已經(jīng)證明，諸如抗體之類的受體可在從血清到地下水的各種復(fù)雜基質(zhì)中實(shí)現(xiàn)低檢測(cè)限。酶是此類生物測(cè)定法不可或缺的組成部分，由于其產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的時(shí)間依賴性，其靈敏度更高。自從1971年問(wèn)世以來(lái)，就已經(jīng)證明了基于酶的免疫測(cè)定法的強(qiáng)大功能。但是，僅基于酶的可植入安培型葡萄糖氧化酶（GOx）生物傳感器領(lǐng)域的大量研究就證明了，酶本身是有價(jià)值的生物分析工具。 ;生物傳感器或基于生物學(xué)的分析方法必須繼續(xù)發(fā)展，以證明在不斷變化的環(huán)境中很有用。新藥開發(fā)的最新趨勢(shì)對(duì)分析化學(xué)家提出了不同的要求。對(duì)于制藥公司而言，不再僅僅是令人滿意的檢測(cè)限，靈敏度或高理論塔板數(shù)。隨著成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)組合庫(kù)排隊(duì)進(jìn)行分析，速度和樣品通量變得越來(lái)越重要。加入制藥公司的是數(shù)百個(gè)超級(jí)基金站點(diǎn)，在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)將要分析數(shù)百萬(wàn)個(gè)復(fù)雜的有毒樣品。醫(yī)院政治氛圍帶來(lái)的新需求迫使臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室考慮采用創(chuàng)新技術(shù)來(lái)提高常規(guī)篩查的速度和成本效益。其他考慮因素，例如，由于對(duì)肝炎和艾滋病毒的關(guān)注而使與生物體液的接觸最小化，重新引起了對(duì)樣品處理和制備基礎(chǔ)研究的興趣。這項(xiàng)工作反映了在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中解決基本問(wèn)題和技術(shù)問(wèn)題至關(guān)重要的方法。在第一部分中，描述了兩個(gè)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。第一章證明了酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)（ELISA）可用于評(píng)估固定在植入式葡萄糖傳感器上的GOx的免疫原性。第二章解決了如何自動(dòng)化和小型化基于酶的分析方法（如第一章中使用的方法）的問(wèn)題。第二部分在第三章中介紹了對(duì)用除草劑和體積示蹤劑處理過(guò)的濕地中型生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的池塘水進(jìn)行環(huán)境分析的結(jié)果。這項(xiàng)工作的意義是雙重的。首先，在這一領(lǐng)域的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)研究中固有的是與采樣，樣品處理和分析相關(guān)的分析挑戰(zhàn)，特別是在通量方面。明確且更重要的是，與所用兩種化合物的非保守行為有關(guān)的有價(jià)值的發(fā)現(xiàn)。

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