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PHOSPHORIC ACID FUEL CELL POWER PLANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF COMMERCIALIZATION.

機(jī)譯：磷酸燃料電池電廠：商業(yè)化的環(huán)境影響。

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摘要

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that continuously converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant directly to electrical energy. Although the fuel cell concept has been understood for more than a century, serious efforts to commercially develop the technology were not undertaken until the mid-1960's. A major impetus for fuel cell development was provided when the Department of Energy began funding support for various fuel cell projects in 1976. Government and private support is currently centered on the development of fuel cells for on-site (multi-kilowatt) and utility (multi-megawatt) energy generation applications. Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power plants, one of several technology approches being pursued, are nearing commercial status.; The emergence of PAFC power plants for commercial applications has the potential to effect changes in the nation's economy, environment, and energy infrastructure. The degree of impact is, of course, dependent upon the degree to which fuel cells are able to penetrate the energy market. (Recent market analysis studies have projected an installed fuel cell capacity of between 20,000 and 40,000 MW by the year 2000.) Because the fuel cell is an energy efficient and environmentally benign energy system, most of the impacts are expected to be beneficial; PAFC commercialization impacts will occur through a wide range of direct and peripheral activities involving the production, installation and operation of the power plants, and the extraction and processing of various fuel and material resources. Based on current and reasonably foreseeable PAFC characteristics and the assumptions made within this study, the widespread commercialization of PAFC power plants should produce major national environmental benefits in terms of improved air quality, increased energy conservation, and reduced water consumption and wastewater discharge. Benefits may also accrue from reductions in exposure to high noise levels and reduced land requirements for long distance transmission lines; however solid waste disposal problems will probably be only minimally affected by PAFC commercialization.; Except for possible impacts on the platinum market, the production of large quantities of PAFC power plants should not create any large or unusual impacts. Similarly, power plant transportation and installation activities are typical operations and should have no noticeable national impacts. The transportation and distribution of fuel cell fuels within urban and suburban areas may increase public exposure to the safety risks of a variety of fuel types.
機(jī)譯：燃料電池是一種電化學(xué)裝置，可將燃料和氧化劑的化學(xué)能直接連續(xù)直接轉(zhuǎn)化為電能。盡管燃料電池的概念已經(jīng)有一個(gè)多世紀(jì)的歷史了，但直到1960年代中期才進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真的商業(yè)開發(fā)技術(shù)的努力。 1976年，能源部開始為各種燃料電池項(xiàng)目提供資助，這為燃料電池的發(fā)展提供了主要?jiǎng)恿?。政府和私人支持目前集中在現(xiàn)場（多千瓦）和公用事業(yè)燃料電池的開發(fā)上（兆瓦）發(fā)電應(yīng)用。磷酸燃料電池（PAFC）發(fā)電廠是正在尋求的幾種技術(shù)方法之一，已接近商業(yè)化地位。用于商業(yè)用途的PAFC電廠的出現(xiàn)，有可能影響美國經(jīng)濟(jì)，環(huán)境和能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的變化。當(dāng)然，影響的程度取決于燃料電池能夠滲透到能源市場的程度。 （最近的市場分析研究預(yù)測，到2000年，燃料電池的裝機(jī)容量將在20,000到40,000 MW之間。）由于燃料電池是一種節(jié)能高效且對環(huán)境無害的能源系統(tǒng)，因此預(yù)計(jì)大部分影響將是有益的； PAFC的商業(yè)化影響將通過廣泛的直接和外圍活動發(fā)生，這些活動涉及發(fā)電廠的生產(chǎn)，安裝和運(yùn)營以及各種燃料和材料資源的提取和加工?；诋?dāng)前和合理可預(yù)見的PAFC特性以及本研究中所做的假設(shè)，PAFC電廠的廣泛商業(yè)化將在改善空氣質(zhì)量，增加能源節(jié)約以及減少水消耗和廢水排放方面產(chǎn)生重大的國家環(huán)境效益。減少對高噪聲水平的接觸并減少長距離傳輸線的土地需求也可能產(chǎn)生好處；但是，固體廢物處理問題可能只會受到PAFC商業(yè)化的影響最小。除了對鉑金市場可能產(chǎn)生的影響外，大量PAFC電廠的生產(chǎn)不應(yīng)產(chǎn)生任何大的或異常的影響。同樣，發(fā)電廠的運(yùn)輸和安裝活動是典型的操作，不會對國家產(chǎn)生明顯影響。在城市和郊區(qū)，燃料電池燃料的運(yùn)輸和分配可能使公眾更加暴露于各種燃料類型的安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

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  • 作者

    CAVAGROTTI, RONALD ROSS.;

  • 作者單位

    University of California, Los Angeles.;

  • 授予單位 University of California, Los Angeles.;
  • 學(xué)科 Environmental Sciences.
  • 學(xué)位 D.Env.
  • 年度 1982
  • 頁碼 215 p.
  • 總頁數(shù) 215
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文語種 eng
  • 中圖分類 環(huán)境科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)理論;
  • 關(guān)鍵詞

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