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Community watershed management: Does the use of a watershed model affect the process?

機譯：社區(qū)分水嶺管理：分水嶺模型的使用會影響流程嗎？

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Nonpoint Source Pollution (NPS) is recognized as a leading cause of water pollution in the United States. The purpose of this research was to introduce a watershed model, N-SPECT (Nonpoint Source Pollution and Erosion Comparison Tool), to estimate NPS given changes in land use and land cover. The model was evaluated by the community to determine its efficacy as an instrument for change in public behavior for community watershed management. The N-SPECT model was applied to the Hilo Bay watershed in Hilo, Hawaii and analyzed for its ability to simulate runoff and pollutant concentration. The calibrated model was able to predict runoff volume on an average annual basis within a 10% error rate from observed runoff. Pollutant concentration error rates varied by site and pollutant. There were noted limitations to the calibration process and validation results highlight these difficulties. Scenarios representing hypothetical changes in land use were derived using the model then incorporated into a multi-media presentation delivered to community groups who were asked to evaluate the N-SPECT tool by completing a survey questionnaire. Results of these surveys indicated that 44%--81% of participants believed the model increased their knowledge of factors affecting water quality, found the model to be a useful tool in water quality management, would use the model as a conflict resolution tool in environmental disputes, and felt access to a tool like this would motivate them to increase their participation in the watershed and community planning processes. There were distinct differences in responses for persons raised in Hawaii, as compared to those who are not, for four key survey questions evaluating the model. The difference in response underscores the need for a clear understanding of the community and how to apply tools in a way that increases their confidence and participation. A model such as N-SPECT contributes to the decision-making process of watershed management by providing community stakeholders with an informative tool for educating the community on how their actions affect water quality and offers them a scientifically-based tool to use when considering different land use change options in their regional planning efforts.
機譯：非點源污染（NPS）被公認為是美國水污染的主要原因。這項研究的目的是引入一個分水嶺模型N-SPECT（非點源污染和侵蝕比較工具），根據土地利用和土地覆蓋的變化來估算NPS。社區(qū)對該模型進行了評估，以確定其作為改變社區(qū)行為的公共行為工具的功效。 N-SPECT模型應用于夏威夷希洛的希洛灣流域，并對其模擬徑流和污染物濃度的能力進行了分析。校準后的模型能夠從觀測到的徑流中，在10％的誤差率內，平均每年預測徑流量。污染物濃度誤差率隨地點和污染物而變化。注意到校準過程的局限性，驗證結果突出了這些困難。使用該模型導出了代表土地使用的假設變化的情景，然后將其合并到提供給社區(qū)團體的多媒體演示中，這些社區(qū)團體被要求通過填寫調查問卷來評估N-SPECT工具。這些調查的結果表明，有44％-81％的參與者認為該模型增加了他們對影響水質的因素的了解，發(fā)現(xiàn)該模型是水質管理的有用工具，將其用作環(huán)境中的沖突解決工具爭端，并認為使用這種工具會激勵他們增加對分水嶺和社區(qū)規(guī)劃過程的參與。在評估該模型的四個關鍵調查問題上，夏威夷人的回答與未回答者的回答有明顯差異?；貞牟町悘娬{了對社區(qū)的清晰了解以及如何以增加其信心和參與度的方式來使用工具的需求。 N-SPECT之類的模型通過為社區(qū)利益相關者提供信息工具來教育社區(qū)有關其行為如何影響水質的信息，并在考慮不同土地時為他們提供科學依據的工具，從而有助于流域管理的決策過程在區(qū)域規(guī)劃工作中使用變更選項。

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