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Knowledge Production in the United States: An Analysis Using the Theoretical Frameworks of Marx and Weber

機(jī)譯：美國(guó)的知識(shí)生產(chǎn)：使用馬克思和韋伯的理論框架進(jìn)行的分析

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The increased reliance of knowledge in the United States has led to what is often referred to as an emerging knowledge-based society. Knowledge is important to several aspects of society (Campbell, 2006) and is produced in a number of settings (e.g., research universities, industry and government laboratories, independent research institutes, etc.) across the nation (Godin & Gingras, 2000). In terms of research, scholars and other professionals must have access to the appropriate resources (e.g., laboratories, funds, etc.) (Feldman & Florida 1994) to engage in knowledge production. Further, more knowledge is produced and distributed by the United States, largely through scientific journals, than anywhere else in the world (Phillips, 2016). This paper analyzes the production and distribution of knowledge through the sociological theory of Karl Marx and Max Weber. The primary goal of this study is to develop a better understanding of modern-day knowledge production and distribution processes as they result in one of the most important commodities in the United States. The theoretical framework Marx (1844/1848/1867) used to analyze capitalist production and distribution uncovers the means that are important in knowledge production and knowledge distribution, the parties involved in these processes, and whether conflict exists between the parties involved. This analysis also underscores the need for more thorough examination of knowledge production in the twenty-first century using a Marxian framework. The theoretical framework Weber (1946) devised to understand stratification shows that resource divisions exist among researchers based on their unequal access to class, status, and political power; the unequal outcomes in knowledge production efforts result from such divisions. Using chi-squared tests this paper examines three hypotheses that emerge from the application of Weber's (1946) theory to researchers involved in knowledge production. First, I consider whether scientists have different amounts of class, status, and political power that influence the outcomes of their research. Second, I ask whether researchers' reliance on technological innovations such as infrastructure lessens the influence of status, and increases the effect of class on their stratification. My final hypothesis pertains to whether researchers' class and status are related to their political power. The results show interesting differences between natural and social scientists' access to class and status. The study indicates the need for future research examining a more comprehensive group of scientists and lays the groundwork for further examination of the applicability of Weber's (1946) stratification theory to researchers in the United States.
機(jī)譯：在美國(guó)，對(duì)知識(shí)的日益依賴導(dǎo)致了通常被稱為新興的知識(shí)型社會(huì)。知識(shí)對(duì)社會(huì)的各個(gè)方面都很重要（Campbell，2006），并且在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)的許多環(huán)境（例如研究型大學(xué)，工業(yè)和政府實(shí)驗(yàn)室，獨(dú)立研究機(jī)構(gòu)等）中產(chǎn)生（Godin＆Gingras，2000）。在研究方面，學(xué)者和其他專業(yè)人員必須有權(quán)使用適當(dāng)?shù)馁Y源（例如實(shí)驗(yàn)室，資金等）（Feldman＆Florida 1994）來(lái)從事知識(shí)生產(chǎn)。此外，與世界其他任何地方相比，美國(guó)主要通過(guò)科學(xué)期刊生產(chǎn)和傳播更多的知識(shí)（Phillips，2016年）。本文通過(guò)卡爾·馬克思和馬克思·韋伯的社會(huì)學(xué)理論分析了知識(shí)的產(chǎn)生和分配。這項(xiàng)研究的主要目標(biāo)是對(duì)現(xiàn)代知識(shí)的生產(chǎn)和分配過(guò)程產(chǎn)生更好的理解，因?yàn)樗鼈儗?dǎo)致了美國(guó)最重要的商品之一。馬克思（1844/1848/1867）用來(lái)分析資本主義生產(chǎn)和分配的理論框架揭示了在知識(shí)生產(chǎn)和知識(shí)分配中重要的手段，參與這些過(guò)程的各方以及所涉及的各方之間是否存在沖突。該分析還強(qiáng)調(diào)了在二十世紀(jì)使用馬克思主義框架對(duì)知識(shí)生產(chǎn)進(jìn)行更徹底的考察的必要性。韋伯（Weber，1946）設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)理解分層的理論框架表明，研究人員之間存在著資源分化，這是因?yàn)檠芯咳藛T對(duì)階級(jí)，地位和政治權(quán)力的不平等利用。這種分歧導(dǎo)致知識(shí)生產(chǎn)努力的不平等結(jié)果。本文使用卡方檢驗(yàn)檢驗(yàn)了三個(gè)假設(shè)，這些假設(shè)來(lái)自韋伯（1946）理論對(duì)涉及知識(shí)生產(chǎn)的研究人員的應(yīng)用。首先，我要考慮科學(xué)家是否具有影響研究成果的不同階級(jí)，地位和政治權(quán)力。其次，我問(wèn)研究人員對(duì)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施等技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的依賴是否會(huì)降低地位的影響，并增加階級(jí)對(duì)其分層的影響。我的最終假設(shè)涉及研究人員的階級(jí)和地位是否與他們的政治權(quán)力有關(guān)。結(jié)果表明，自然科學(xué)家和社會(huì)科學(xué)家在獲得階級(jí)和地位方面的有趣差異。該研究表明，有必要進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究，以研究更廣泛的科學(xué)家群體，并為進(jìn)一步研究韋伯（1946）分層理論對(duì)美國(guó)研究人員的適用性奠定基礎(chǔ)。

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  • 作者

    Dorman, Ryan.;

  • 作者單位

    The University of Texas at Dallas.;

  • 授予單位 The University of Texas at Dallas.;
  • 學(xué)科 Social research.;Labor relations.
  • 學(xué)位 M.S.
  • 年度 2017
  • 頁(yè)碼 68 p.
  • 總頁(yè)數(shù) 68
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文語(yǔ)種 eng
  • 中圖分類 康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué);
  • 關(guān)鍵詞

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