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Geographical implications of online shopping on physical distribution networks.

機(jī)譯：在線購物對(duì)物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)的地理影響。

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Online shopping offers a competitive and attractive alternative to the conventional retail service by allowing us to order almost any product from anywhere and at anytime. Delivery of such online shopping products to individual customer locations depends on the reliability of logistics service that looks over the physical distribution of commodities. As the growth of the online shopping business is expected to increase the demand for parcel delivery service, it is imperative for the logistics service providers to have good insights into the cost behavior of their distribution networks with different levels of demand and to plan ahead for the adaptation of their network to meet future demands.;Unfortunately, only few analytical studies exist on the identification of the interdependent relationship between online shopping and physical distribution; and these are primarily concerned with the configuration of cost efficient distribution networks under a constant demand. Instead, this study discusses possible adaptive measures to an increase in online shopping demand, and it considers such modifications at the operational, tactical, and strategic levels of decision makings in the physical distribution network.;As the nature of daily freight flow in a large distribution network is so dynamic and complex, conventional mathematic models have limitations in representing and capturing such an environment. The discrete-event simulation model developed in this study shows how the overall cost efficiency and the network performance measures would change under various scenarios of parcel flow changes. To model the adaptation of the distribution network to the increasing demand of online shopping, we test three possible decision-making scenarios: (1) priority assignment by destinations at the main hub terminal (operational), (2) introduction of sub-hub terminals (tactical), and (3) increase in the capacity of the main hub terminal (strategic). The results of the simulation are calibrated in a GIS environment to indicate any delay in the delivery of products as well as to confirm the overall reliability of the logistics service. The feasibility of the simulation is tested with the logistics service data from an existing major distributor in South Korea.;The simulation study suggests that assigning a higher priority to parcels heading to a distant destination improves the overall reliability of the delivery service, although its performance rapidly diminishes when there is an abrupt and large increase in the amount of parcel flow. Introducing sub-hubs on the network relieves congestions in the main hub, but with the additional cost of maintaining the sub-hubs. From the standpoint of the overall cost efficiency, increasing the processing capacity of the main hub terminal turns out to be the best option, provided that the return-on-investment is expected to be great enough. These findings from the simulation model suggest that the existing physical distribution network is more likely to evolve to a more centralized network structure with increased capacity of transshipment facilities with the anticipation of imminent increase in online shopping demand.;Key words: E-commerce, online shopping, logistics service, physical distribution networks, discrete event simulation, Geographic Information Systems
機(jī)譯：在線購物使我們可以隨時(shí)隨地訂購幾乎所有產(chǎn)品，從而提供了一種替代傳統(tǒng)零售服務(wù)的競爭性和有吸引力的選擇。此類在線購物產(chǎn)品向各個(gè)客戶位置的交付取決于物流服務(wù)的可靠性，而物流服務(wù)的可靠性取決于商品的實(shí)物分配。隨著在線購物業(yè)務(wù)的增長預(yù)計(jì)將增加對(duì)包裹遞送服務(wù)的需求，對(duì)物流服務(wù)提供商而言，有必要深入了解其具有不同需求水平的分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)的成本行為，并提前計(jì)劃不幸的是，關(guān)于識(shí)別網(wǎng)上購物和物流之間相互依存關(guān)系的分析研究很少。這些主要與不斷需求下具有成本效益的分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)的配置有關(guān)。相反，本研究討論了針對(duì)在線購物需求增長的可能的適應(yīng)性措施，并考慮了物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)中決策制定的運(yùn)營，戰(zhàn)術(shù)和戰(zhàn)略層面的此類修改。配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)是如此動(dòng)態(tài)和復(fù)雜，常規(guī)數(shù)學(xué)模型在表示和捕獲這種環(huán)境方面存在局限性。在這項(xiàng)研究中開發(fā)的離散事件模擬模型顯示了在各種包裹流量變化情況下，總體成本效率和網(wǎng)絡(luò)性能指標(biāo)將如何變化。為了對(duì)分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò)適應(yīng)不斷增長的在線購物需求進(jìn)行建模，我們測試了三種可能的決策場景：（1）主要樞紐終端（運(yùn)營）的目的地優(yōu)先級(jí)分配；（2）引入下樞紐終端（戰(zhàn)術(shù)），以及（3）增加主要樞紐碼頭的容量（戰(zhàn)略）。模擬結(jié)果在GIS環(huán)境中進(jìn)行了校準(zhǔn)，以指示產(chǎn)品交付中的任何延遲以及確認(rèn)物流服務(wù)的整體可靠性。仿真的可行性已通過韓國現(xiàn)有主要分銷商提供的物流服務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了測試。;仿真研究表明，將優(yōu)先級(jí)較高的包裹分配給前往遙遠(yuǎn)目的地的包裹可提高送貨服務(wù)的整體可靠性，盡管其性能包裹流量突然急劇增加時(shí)，流量會(huì)迅速減小。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上引入子集線器可緩解主集線器中的擁塞，但會(huì)增加維護(hù)子集線器的成本。從總體成本效率的角度來看，增加主集線器終端的處理能力被證明是最佳選擇，前提是期望投資回報(bào)足夠大。從仿真模型中得出的這些結(jié)果表明，隨著網(wǎng)上購物需求的即將增長，現(xiàn)有的物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)更可能發(fā)展為具有更集中化的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，從而增加轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)設(shè)施的容量。關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)，在線購物，物流服務(wù)，物流網(wǎng)絡(luò)，離散事件模擬，地理信息系統(tǒng)

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