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Fast food: The mechanisms of resource discovery in ant communities.

機譯：快餐：螞蟻社區(qū)中資源發(fā)現(xiàn)的機制。

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Competition for resources significantly influences community structure, especially in assemblages of ants. The level of species diversity in omnivorous temperate ant communities is mediated by an ecological trade-off between the ability to behaviorally dominate food and the ability to find food first. Although past research has focused on resource dominance, recent work suggests that discovery may actually be the key controller of species coexistence. Yet, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying the discovery process. This dissertation identifies and investigates the impact of several discovery mechanisms to discovery success in two geographically disparate assemblages of ants.;Omnivorous ants must find food items that are unpredictably located in space and time. Chapter 2 tests one of the central assumptions as to how this challenge is met: that discovery success is a function of forager number. While forager number does impact discovery dynamics, the efficiency of individual foragers is also relevant. The two mechanisms operate at different organizational scales: while forager number explained differences in discovery between communities, forager efficiency governed interspecific competition within communities.;Chapters 3 and 4 consider the ways in which individual forager efficiency could be enhanced. In Chapter 3, evidence for the ability of ants to detect resource signals was evaluated. Although different types of resources were discovered at different rates in different communities, species did not demonstrate a resource bias in discovery even though they differed significantly in overall discovery ability. These results suggest that, although discovery may be somewhat directed at close proximity to food items, discovery ability in ants is largely a result of undirected processes.;In Chapter 4, the effect of ant search behavior and allometry on discovery success was evaluated. Based on the digitized recordings of ant foraging patterns, species were found to differ in speed and the mean degrees turned per unit time; the basis for these differences appears to be stride frequency, not stride length. When movement and allometry were linked to discovery, it was found that the superior discoverers are those that have greater net displacement across the environment, either by turning less or having relatively longer legs and thus traversing the litter more effectively.
機譯：資源競爭極大地影響了社區(qū)結構，尤其是在螞蟻的聚集中。在雜食性溫帶螞蟻群落中，物種多樣性水平是由行為上支配食物的能力與首先找到食物的能力之間的生態(tài)折衷所調節(jié)的。盡管過去的研究集中在資源優(yōu)勢上，但最近的研究表明，發(fā)現(xiàn)實際上可能是物種共存的關鍵控制者。然而，對于發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的基礎機制知之甚少。本論文確定并調查了幾種發(fā)現(xiàn)機制對在兩個地理上完全不同的螞蟻組合中成功發(fā)現(xiàn)的影響。；雜食性螞蟻必須找到時空上不可預測的食物。第2章測試了如何應對這一挑戰(zhàn)的主要假設之一：發(fā)現(xiàn)成功是覓食者數(shù)量的函數(shù)。雖然覓食者的數(shù)量確實會影響發(fā)現(xiàn)動態(tài)，但各個覓食者的效率也很重要。兩種機制在不同的組織規(guī)模上運作：雖然覓食者數(shù)量解釋了社區(qū)之間發(fā)現(xiàn)的差異，但覓食者效率決定著社區(qū)內部的種間競爭。第3章和第4章考慮了提高個體覓食者效率的方法。在第三章中，評估了螞蟻檢測資源信號能力的證據(jù)。盡管在不同的社區(qū)中以不同的速率發(fā)現(xiàn)了不同類型的資源，但是物種的發(fā)現(xiàn)能力沒有明顯差異，即使物種在總體發(fā)現(xiàn)能力上存在顯著差異。這些結果表明，盡管發(fā)現(xiàn)可能在某種程度上直接針對食品，但螞蟻的發(fā)現(xiàn)能力在很大程度上是無方向過程的結果。在第4章中，評估了螞蟻搜索行為和異構性對發(fā)現(xiàn)成功的影響。根據(jù)螞蟻覓食模式的數(shù)字化記錄，發(fā)現(xiàn)物種的速度不同，單位時間內的平均度數(shù)也有所不同。這些差異的基礎似乎是步幅頻率，而不是步幅長度。當運動和異速生長與發(fā)現(xiàn)相關聯(lián)時，發(fā)現(xiàn)高級發(fā)現(xiàn)者是那些在整個環(huán)境中具有更大凈位移的發(fā)現(xiàn)者，要么轉彎較少或腿相對較長，從而更有效地遍歷垃圾。

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