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Granivores and restoration: Implications of invasion and considerations of context-dependent seed removal.

機(jī)譯：食肉動(dòng)物和恢復(fù)：入侵的含義和上下文相關(guān)種子刪除的考慮。

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Granivores are important components of sagebrush communities in western North America. These same regions are being altered by the invasion of the exotic annual Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) that alters physical and biological dynamics in ways that appear to promote its persistence. This research directly relates to the restoration of B. tectorum-dominated systems in two inter-related ways. First, because these landscapes have large quantities of seeds applied during restoration, it is important to determine the major granivore communities in intact sagebrush communities and in nearby cheatgrass-dominated communities. Second, it is important to develop an understanding of patterns of seed harvest by granivores. In addition to the data chapters there are two review chapters; Chapter 1 highlights factors contributing to seed removal and Chapter 7 provides ecologically based techniques that could minimize the negative consequences of granivores during ecological restoration. Common groups of ants showed increased abundances; uncommon species and functional groups were generally negatively impacted by cheatgrass (Chapter 2). Conversely, rodents were negatively impacted by conversion to cheatgrass (Chapter 4). Ant seed removal was highly context-dependent (Chapter 3), depending on the background vegetation (large-scale among-patch effects), foraging distance from the nest mound (small-scale among-patch effects), and the presence of other seed species in mixture (within-patch effects). In addition, cheatgrass provided associational resistance to native seeds in mixture, meaning the presence of cheatgrass increased native seed survival. In Chapter 5 a novel statistical technique in the ecological sciences showed that rodents have marked preferences for some seeds over others and that more seeds were removed in sagebrush compared to cheatgrass-dominated sites, although associational effects among seed mixtures were not detected. In Chapter 6 we show that the amount of seed harvested depended on both intraspecific and interspecific seed density. B. tectorum seeds had associational susceptibility (increased harvest) in the presence of native seeds. Although the reciprocal effect may occur, we did not find statistical support for it. These sets of studies are not only of basic ecological interests, but are also important for developing management strategies for restoration of these degraded lands.
機(jī)譯：食肉動(dòng)物是北美西部鼠尾草群落的重要組成部分。這些相同的區(qū)域正在被異國一年生的Bromus tectorum（麥草）的入侵所改變，后者以似乎促進(jìn)其持久性的方式改變了物理和生物動(dòng)力。該研究以兩種相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式直接關(guān)系到以牛油菌為主的系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)。首先，由于這些景觀在恢復(fù)過程中使用了大量種子，因此重要的是確定完整的鼠尾草群落和附近的以白草為主的群落中的主要食草動(dòng)物群落。其次，重要的是要了解食草動(dòng)物收獲種子的方式。除了數(shù)據(jù)章節(jié)外，還有兩個(gè)回顧章節(jié)；第1章重點(diǎn)介紹了促成種子去除的因素，第7章提供了基于生態(tài)的技術(shù)，可以最大程度地減少食草動(dòng)物在生態(tài)恢復(fù)過程中的負(fù)面影響。常見的螞蟻群顯示出增加的豐度。奇異草對(duì)不常見的物種和功能組產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響（第2章）。相反，嚙齒動(dòng)物受到轉(zhuǎn)化為無草茅草的不利影響（第4章）。螞蟻種子的去除高度依賴于上下文（第3章），具體取決于背景植被（大規(guī)模的斑塊效應(yīng)），與巢丘的覓食距離（小規(guī)模的斑塊效應(yīng)）以及是否存在其他種子混合物中的物種（補(bǔ)丁效應(yīng)）。此外，che草對(duì)混合物中的天然種子提供了抗性，這意味著at草的存在增加了天然種子的存活率。在第5章中，生態(tài)科學(xué)中的一種新穎的統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)表明，嚙齒動(dòng)物比某些種子更偏愛某些種子，并且與鼠李草為主的位置相比，鼠尾草中去除了更多的種子，盡管未檢測(cè)到種子混合物之間的關(guān)聯(lián)效應(yīng)。在第6章中，我們表明收獲的種子數(shù)量取決于種內(nèi)和種間種子密度。在存在天然種子的情況下，鶴望蘭種子具有相關(guān)的敏感性（收成增加）。盡管可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相互影響，但我們沒有找到對(duì)此的統(tǒng)計(jì)支持。這些研究不僅具有基本的生態(tài)學(xué)意義，而且對(duì)于制定恢復(fù)這些退化土地的管理策略也很重要。

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