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首頁(yè)> 外文學(xué)位 >Influence of insect herbivory, plant competition and plant defense on the invasion success of hoary cress (Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae)).
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Influence of insect herbivory, plant competition and plant defense on the invasion success of hoary cress (Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae)).

機(jī)譯：昆蟲(chóng)食草，植物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和植物防御對(duì)白菊入侵的成功的影響（Lepidium draba L.（Brassicaceae））。

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This thesis addressed two goals: to increase knowledge of the basic biological responses of the invasive mustard hoary cress, Lepidium draba, to a variety of biotic stressors, and to study the processes of clonal plant invasions in light of three invasion hypotheses: biotic resistance, enemy release, and evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA).;To test the enemy release hypotheses, I identified four oligophagous insect herbivores from the introduced range to act as surrogates for potential biological control agents to assess the impact of specific feeding niches on the target weed. I applied this novel technique to assess the role of increased generalist herbivory on hoary cress by examining the density-dependent impact of these herbivores individually and in combination. Defoliation by the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella had the strongest, most consistent impact, while the stem-mining weevil Ceutorhynchus americanus had the highest per capita effect. In multiple-species experiments, herbivore impacts were usually additive, and hoary cress tolerated high herbivore densities.;I investigated the competitive ability of hoary cress against ten Festuca and Poa grass species from North America and Europe. In both genera, Eurasian species were more competitive against L. draba than their North American congeners. Regardless of origin, sod-forming Poa species appeared more competitive against L. draba.;I compared vegetative regeneration, herbivore damage, and glucosinolate defense induction of L. draba from European and North American populations in a shared greenhouse EICA experiment. The number of root buds/cm was greater in European populations, potentially allowing better establishment in competitive environments, but no differences were observed between ranges in later stages of plant growth. Feeding rate and survival of P. xylostella also did not differ. Insect herbivory had no effects on the eight identified glucosinolates. Comparing glucosinolate profiles with those previously reported indicated that the plants may have already been in an induced defense state; therefore they were not responsive to herbivory. There were no differences in glucosinolate profiles between ranges.;I conclude that biotic resistance, enemy release, and EICA play a part in the invasion success of L. draba, but that none of these hypotheses completely explain its dominance in North America.
機(jī)譯：本論文解決了兩個(gè)目標(biāo)：增加對(duì)芥菜入侵性芥菜Lepidium draba的基本生物學(xué)反應(yīng)的認(rèn)識(shí)，以及對(duì)多種生物脅迫的研究，并根據(jù)三種入侵假說(shuō)研究克隆植物入侵的過(guò)程：生物抗性，敵人釋放，以及增強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力的進(jìn)化（EICA）。為了測(cè)試敵人釋放假設(shè)，我從引入的范圍內(nèi)鑒定了四種寡食性食草動(dòng)物，作為潛在的生物防治劑的代用品，以評(píng)估特定的飼料ni對(duì)種群的影響。目標(biāo)雜草。我通過(guò)研究這些食草動(dòng)物單獨(dú)或結(jié)合在一起對(duì)密度的影響，應(yīng)用了這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)來(lái)評(píng)估增加的食草動(dòng)物對(duì)白菊的作用。小菜蛾對(duì)小菜蛾的落葉效果最強(qiáng)，最一致，而挖莖象鼻美洲象鼻蟲(chóng)的人均效果最高。在多物種實(shí)驗(yàn)中，食草動(dòng)物的影響通常是相加的，并且白芥子可以忍受較高的草食動(dòng)物密度。我研究了白芥子對(duì)來(lái)自北美和歐洲的10種Festuca和Poa草種的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。在這兩個(gè)屬中，歐亞種對(duì)德拉巴乳桿菌的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性都比其北美同類(lèi)物種更具競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性。不論起源如何，形成草皮的Poa物種對(duì)德拉巴L.draba的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力都更強(qiáng)。我在一個(gè)共同的溫室EICA實(shí)驗(yàn)中比較了歐洲和北美種群對(duì)德拉巴L. draba的營(yíng)養(yǎng)再生，草食動(dòng)物損害和芥子油苷防御誘導(dǎo)。在歐洲人口中，每厘米的根芽數(shù)更多，可能在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境中更好地定植，但在植物生長(zhǎng)后期的范圍之間未觀察到差異。小菜蛾的攝食率和存活率也沒(méi)有差異。食草昆蟲(chóng)對(duì)八種芥子油苷沒(méi)有影響。比較芥子油苷和先前報(bào)道的芥子油苷分布表明，植物可能已經(jīng)處于誘導(dǎo)防御狀態(tài)。因此他們對(duì)草食動(dòng)物沒(méi)有反應(yīng)。硫代芥子油苷的分布范圍之間沒(méi)有差異。我得出結(jié)論，生物抗性，敵人釋放和EICA參與了德拉巴乳桿菌的入侵成功，但是這些假說(shuō)都不能完全解釋其在北美的統(tǒng)治地位。

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