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Effects of urbanization on landscape pattern and ecosystem function in Phoenix: A multiscale study.

機(jī)譯：鳳凰城城市化對(duì)景觀格局和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的影響：一項(xiàng)多尺度研究。

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Cities have become the main habitat for humans and a 'new frontier' in ecology. The main goal of this dissertation was to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns and ecological impacts of urbanization in one of the fastest growing cities in the US---the Phoenix metropolitan region. This quantification was conducted at multiple scales using remotely sensed data. Urban area expansion has resulted in an increasingly fragmented landscape. Spatial and thematic resolutions of data have large effects on interpretability of land-cover dynamics.;While desert vegetation leafing phenology was explained by the 2--5 month accumulated precipitation and negatively correlated with temperature, urban and agricultural vegetation dynamics were essentially unsynchronized with rainfall and correlated positively with temperature. Overall, urban and agricultural development increased the diversity of phenological patterns. Study results support the "inverse texture" hypothesis (vegetation on coarser substrates is more responsive to rainfall) and the "luxury effect" hypothesis (more affluent neighborhoods are greener and more productive in plant biomass). Urbanization in this region tends to weaken the coupling between plant growth and precipitation and increase primary productivity during normal and dry years. During wet years, productivity of natural vegetation can be larger than that of the urban and agricultural areas.;This study also addressed the problem of the urban heat island---a central issue in urban ecology today. Vegetation plays an important role in explaining spatial variation in remotely sensed surface temperature during daytime, but the proportion of pavements was the most significant explanatory variable at nighttime. Daytime temperature was also highly correlated with the neighborhood socio-economic status. While localized surface urban heat islands were consistently detected in all seasons, during daytime the urban area acted as cool islands.;Overall, this research addressed several important issues in understanding urban ecosystems including land-use and land-cover change, urbanization effects on ecosystem properties, landscape phenology, and urban heat islands. In order to address these issues, an integrated research approach was taken to combine methods from landscape ecology, ecosystem ecology, and geography. The findings and techniques developed in this study will be useful for future urban studies in the Phoenix region and beyond.
機(jī)譯：城市已經(jīng)成為人類的主要棲息地和生態(tài)的“新前沿”。本論文的主要目的是量化美國發(fā)展最快的城市之一鳳凰城地區(qū)的城市化的時(shí)空格局和生態(tài)影響。使用遙感數(shù)據(jù)以多種尺度進(jìn)行了這種量化。市區(qū)擴(kuò)張導(dǎo)致景觀越來越分散。數(shù)據(jù)的空間和主題分辨率對(duì)土地覆蓋動(dòng)力學(xué)的可解釋性有很大影響。；雖然沙漠植被的葉子物候現(xiàn)象是由2-5個(gè)月的累積降水解釋的，并且與溫度成負(fù)相關(guān)，但城市和農(nóng)業(yè)植被的動(dòng)態(tài)與降雨基本不同步并與溫度呈正相關(guān)?？傮w而言，城市和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展增加了物候模式的多樣性。研究結(jié)果支持“逆紋理”假說（較粗的基質(zhì)上的植被對(duì)降雨更敏感）和“豪華效應(yīng)”假說（較富裕的鄰里更綠色，植物生物量生產(chǎn)力更高）。該地區(qū)的城市化趨向于削弱植物生長與降水之間的耦合，并在正常和干旱年份提高初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力。在潮濕的年份，自然植被的生產(chǎn)力可能比城市和農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)大。這項(xiàng)研究還解決了城市熱島的問題，這是當(dāng)今城市生態(tài)學(xué)的一個(gè)核心問題。在白天，植被在解釋遙感地表溫度的空間變化方面起著重要作用，但在夜間，人行道的比例是最重要的解釋變量。白天的溫度也與附近的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位高度相關(guān)。雖然在所有季節(jié)都連續(xù)檢測到局部地表性城市熱島，但白天白天市區(qū)卻是涼爽的島。總的來說，這項(xiàng)研究解決了理解城市生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的幾個(gè)重要問題，包括土地利用和土地覆蓋變化，城市化對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的影響屬性，景觀物候和城市熱島。為了解決這些問題，采取了一種綜合研究方法，將景觀生態(tài)學(xué)，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生態(tài)學(xué)和地理學(xué)方法相結(jié)合。這項(xiàng)研究中開發(fā)的發(fā)現(xiàn)和技術(shù)將對(duì)鳳凰城地區(qū)及以后的城市研究有用。

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