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Animal galloping and human hopping: an energetics and biomechanics laboratory exercise

機譯：疾馳的動物和人類的跳動：能量學(xué)和生物力學(xué)的實驗室練習(xí)

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This laboratory exercise demonstrates fundamental principles of mammalian locomotion. It provides opportunities to interrogate aspects of locomotion from biomechanics to energetics to body size scaling. It has the added benefit of having results with robust signal to noise so that students will have success even if not “meticulous” in attention to detail. First, using respirometry, students measure the energetic cost of hopping at a “preferred” hop frequency. This is followed by hopping at an imposed frequency half of the preferred. By measuring the O2 uptake and work done with each hop, students calculate mechanical efficiency. Lessons learned from this laboratory include 1) that the metabolic cost per hop at half of the preferred frequency is nearly double the cost at the preferred frequency; 2) that when a person is forced to hop at half of their preferred frequency, the mechanical efficiency is nearly that predicted for muscle but is much higher at the preferred frequency; 3) that the preferred hop frequency is strongly body size dependent; and 4) that the hop frequency of a human is nearly identical to the galloping frequency predicted for a quadruped of our size. Together, these exercises demonstrate that humans store and recover elastic recoil potential energy when hopping but that energetic savings are highly frequency dependent. This stride frequency is dependent on body size such that frequency is likely chosen to maximize this function. Finally, by requiring students to make quantitative solutions using appropriate units and dimensions of the physical variables, these exercises sharpen analytic and quantitative skills.
機譯：此實驗室練習(xí)演示了哺乳動物運動的基本原理。它提供了機會來研究運動的各個方面，從生物力學(xué)到能量學(xué)再到體型縮放。它的另一個好處是獲得的結(jié)果具有強大的信噪比，即使對細(xì)節(jié)的關(guān)注不是“一絲不茍”的，學(xué)生也將獲得成功。首先，使用呼吸測定法，學(xué)生以“首選”跳頻測量跳頻的能量消耗。隨后，在強加的首選頻率的一半處跳頻。通過測量氧氣吸收量和每一跳完成的工作，學(xué)生可以計算出機械效率。從該實驗室中學(xué)到的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)包括：1）在首選頻率的一半處的單跳代謝成本幾乎是首選頻率下的代謝成本的兩倍； 2）當(dāng)一個人被迫跳到其首選頻率的一半時，機械效率幾乎是肌肉所預(yù)測的，但在首選頻率上要高得多； 3）首選跳頻強烈依賴于身體大小；和4）人的跳躍頻率幾乎與我們的四倍體預(yù)測的奔騰頻率相同?？傊?，這些練習(xí)證明了人類在跳躍時可以存儲和恢復(fù)彈性后坐力，但精力充沛的節(jié)約與頻率密切相關(guān)。該步幅頻率取決于身體大小，因此可能會選擇頻率以最大化此功能。最后，通過要求學(xué)生使用適當(dāng)?shù)奈锢碜兞繂挝缓统叽鐏碇贫ǘ拷鉀Q方案，這些練習(xí)可以提高分析和定量技能。

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