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Glyphosate-Resistant Parthenium hysterophorus in the Caribbean Islands: Non Target Site Resistance and Target Site Resistance in Relation to Resistance Levels

機譯：加勒比群島中抗草甘膦的爬山hen：非目標位點抗性和目標位點抗性與抗性水平的關(guān)系

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Glyphosate has been the most intensely herbicide used worldwide for decades, and continues to be a single tool for controlling weeds in woody crops. However, the adoption of this herbicide in a wide range of culture systems has led to the emergence of resistant weeds. Glyphosate has been widely used primarily on citrus in the Caribbean area, but a study of resistance in the Caribbean islands of Cuba and the Dominican Republic has never been carried out. Unfortunately, Parthenium hysterophorus has developed glyphosate-resistance in both islands, independently. The resistance level and mechanisms of different P. hysterophorus accessions (three collected in Cuba (Cu-R) and four collected in the Dominican Republic (Do-R) have been studied under greenhouse and laboratory conditions. In in vivo assays (glyphosate dose causing 50% reduction in above-ground vegetative biomass and survival), the resistance factor levels showed susceptible accessions (Cu-S ≥ Do-S), low-resistance accessions (Cu-R3 < Do-R4), medium-resistance accessions (Do-R3 < Cu-R2 < Do-R2) and high-resistance accessions (Do-R1 < Cu-R1). In addition, the resistance factor levels were similar to those found in the shikimic acid accumulation at 1000 μM of glyphosate (Cu-R1 ≥ Do-R1 > Do-R2 > Cu-R2 > Do-R3 > Do-R4 > Cu-R3 >> Cu-S ≥ Do-S). Glyphosate was degraded to aminomethylphosphonic acid, glyoxylate and sarcosine by >88% in resistant accessions except in Cu-R3 and Do-R4 resistant accessions (51.12 and 44.21, respectively), whereas a little glyphosate (<9.32%) was degraded in both susceptible accessions at 96 h after treatment. There were significant differences between P. hysterophorus accessions in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity enzyme with and without different glyphosate rates. The R accessions showed values of between 0.026 and 0.21 μmol μg−1 TSP protein min−1 basal EPSPS activity values with respect to the S (0.024 and 0.025) accessions. The same trend was found in the EPSPS enzyme activity treated with glyphosate, where a higher enzyme activity inhibition (glyphosate μM) corresponded to greater resistance levels in P. hysterophorus accessions. One amino acid substitution was found at position 106 in EPSPS, consisting of a proline to serine change in Cu-R1, Do-R1 Do-R2. The above-mentioned results indicate that high resistance values are determined by the number of defense mechanisms (target-site and non-target-site resistance) possessed by the different P. hysterophorus accessions, concurrently.
機譯：草甘膦是數(shù)十年來全球使用最廣泛的除草劑，并且仍然是控制木本作物中雜草的單一工具。但是，這種除草劑在廣泛的養(yǎng)殖系統(tǒng)中的使用導致了抗性雜草的出現(xiàn)。草甘膦主要在加勒比地區(qū)廣泛用于柑橘，但是從未對古巴的古巴和多米尼加共和國的抗藥性進行過研究。不幸的是，Parthenium hysterophorus在兩個島嶼上都獨立產(chǎn)生了抗草甘膦的能力。在溫室和實驗室條件下，研究了不同的P. hysterophorus菌種（在古巴（Cu-R）收集的三種和在多米尼加共和國（Do-R）收集的四種的抗性水平和機制。地上營養(yǎng)生物量和存活率降低了50％），抗性因子水平顯示易感種質(zhì)（Cu-S≥Do-S），低抗性種質(zhì)（Cu-R3 Do-R2> Cu-R2> Do-R3> Do-R4> Cu-R3 Cu-S≥Do-S）。草甘膦被> 88降解為氨基甲基膦酸，乙醛酸和肌氨酸除抗Cu-R3和Do-R4的抗性種質(zhì)（分別為51.12和44.21）外，抗性種質(zhì)中的％，而少量草甘膦（<9.32％）在兩種土壤中均降解治療后96小時的敏感種質(zhì)。在有和沒有不同草甘膦速率的情況下，5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate合酶（EPSPS）活性酶之間的P. hysterophorus種之間存在顯著差異。相對于S（0.024和0.025）種，R品種顯示出介于0.026和0.21μmolμg -1 TSP蛋白min -1 基礎EPSPS活性之間的值。在用草甘膦處理的EPSPS酶活性中發(fā)現(xiàn)了相同的趨勢，其中較高的酶活性抑制（草甘膦μM）對應于遲滯瘧原蟲種質(zhì)中較高的抗性水平。在EPSPS的106位發(fā)現(xiàn)一個氨基酸取代，由Cu-R1，Do-R1和Do-R2的脯氨酸絲氨酸變化組成。上述結(jié)果表明，高抗性值是由不同的P. hysterophorus種質(zhì)同時具有的防御機制（靶位和非靶位抗性）的數(shù)量決定的。

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