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Chapter Eleven: The Drosophila Accessory Gland as a Model for Prostate Cancer and Other Pathologies

機譯：第十一章：果蠅附件腺作為前列腺癌和其他病理的模型

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The human prostate is a gland of the male reproductive tract, which together with the seminal vesicles, is responsible for most seminal fluid production. It is a common site of cancer, and unlike other glands, it typically enlarges in aging men. In flies, the male accessory glands make many major seminal fluid components. Like their human equivalents, they secrete proteins from several conserved families, including proteases, lectins, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins, some of which interact with sperm and affect fertility. A key protein, sex peptide, is not conserved in vertebrates but plays a central role in mediating long-term effects on females after mating. Although postmitotic, one epithelial cell type in the accessory glands, the secondary cell, continues to grow in adults. It secretes microvesicles called exosomes from the endosomal multivesicular body, which, after mating, fuse with sperm. They also appear to affect female postmating behavior. Remarkably, the human prostate epithelium also secretes exosomes, which fuse to sperm in vitro to modulate their activity. Exosomes from prostate and other cancer cells are increasingly proposed to play fundamental roles in modulating the tumor microenvironment and in metastasis. Here we review a diverse accessory gland literature, which highlights functional analogies between the male reproductive glands of flies and humans, and a critical role for extracellular vesicles in allowing seminal fluid to promote male interests within the female. We postulate that secondary cells and prostate epithelial cells use common mechanisms to control growth, secretion, and signaling, which are relevant to prostate and other cancers, and can be genetically dissected in the uniquely tractable fly model.
機譯：人前列腺是雄性生殖道的腺體，它與精囊一起負(fù)責(zé)大多數(shù)精液的產(chǎn)生。它是癌癥的常見部位，與其他腺體不同，它通常在衰老的男性中會增大。在蒼蠅中，雄性副腺構(gòu)成許多主要的精液成分。像它們的人類等同物一樣，它們分泌幾個保守家族的蛋白質(zhì)，包括蛋白酶，凝集素和富含半胱氨酸的分泌蛋白，其中一些與精子相互作用并影響生育能力。關(guān)鍵蛋白，性肽，在脊椎動物中不保守，但在交配后對雌性動物的長期影響中起著核心作用。盡管有絲分裂后，副腺中的一種上皮細(xì)胞類型，即次級細(xì)胞，在成年人中繼續(xù)生長。它從內(nèi)體多囊泡體分泌稱為外泌體的微囊泡，交配后與精子融合。它們似乎也影響女性的后代行為。值得注意的是，人前列腺上皮還分泌外泌體，該外泌體在體外與精子融合以調(diào)節(jié)其活性。越來越多地提出前列腺和其他癌細(xì)胞的外來體在調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤微環(huán)境和轉(zhuǎn)移中起基本作用。在這里，我們回顧了各種各樣的附屬腺文獻(xiàn)，這些文獻(xiàn)著重說明了蒼蠅和人的雄性生殖腺之間的功能類比，以及細(xì)胞外囊泡在允許精液促進(jìn)雌性中的雄性興趣方面的關(guān)鍵作用。我們假設(shè)，次級細(xì)胞和前列腺上皮細(xì)胞使用共同的機制來控制生長，分泌和信號傳導(dǎo)，這與前列腺癌和其他癌癥有關(guān)，并且可以在獨特的易處理蠅模型中進(jìn)行基因解剖。

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