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The Social Explanatory Styles Questionnaire: Assessing Moderators of Basic Social-Cognitive Phenomena Including Spontaneous Trait Inference the Fundamental Attribution Error and Moral Blame

機譯：社會解釋風(fēng)格調(diào)查表：評估基本社會認知現(xiàn)象的主持人包括自發(fā)性格推論基本歸因錯誤和道德責(zé)任

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Why is he poor? Why is she failing academically? Why is he so generous? Why is she so conscientious? Answers to such everyday questions—social explanations—have powerful effects on relationships at the interpersonal and societal levels. How do people select an explanation in particular cases? We suggest that, often, explanations are selected based on the individual's pre-existing general theories of social causality. More specifically, we suggest that over time individuals develop general beliefs regarding the causes of social events. We refer to these beliefs as social explanatory styles. Our goal in the present article is to offer and validate a measure of individual differences in social explanatory styles. Accordingly, we offer the Social Explanatory Styles Questionnaire (SESQ), which measures three independent dimensions of social explanatory style: Dispositionism, historicism, and controllability. Studies 1–3 examine basic psychometric properties of the SESQ and provide positive evidence regarding internal consistency, factor structure, and both convergent and divergent validity. Studies 4–6 examine predictive validity for each subscale: Does each explanatory dimension moderate an important phenomenon of social cognition? Results suggest that they do. In Study 4, we show that SESQ dispositionism moderates the tendency to make spontaneous trait inferences. In Study 5, we show that SESQ historicism moderates the tendency to commit the Fundamental Attribution Error. Finally, in Study 6 we show that SESQ controllability predicts polarization of moral blame judgments: Heightened blaming toward controllable stigmas (assimilation), and attenuated blaming toward uncontrollable stigmas (contrast). Decades of research suggest that explanatory style regarding the self is a powerful predictor of self-functioning. We think it is likely that social explanatory styles—perhaps comprising interactive combinations of the basic dimensions tapped by the SESQ—will be similarly potent predictors of social functioning. We hope the SESQ will be a useful tool for exploring that possibility.
機譯：他為什么貧窮？為什么她的學(xué)業(yè)不及格？他為什么這么大方？她為什么這么認真？回答此類日常問題（社會解釋）會對人際和社會層面的關(guān)系產(chǎn)生重大影響。人們在特定情況下如何選擇解釋？我們建議，通常根據(jù)個人先前存在的社會因果關(guān)系一般理論來選擇解釋。更具體地說，我們建議隨著時間的流逝，人們逐漸形成關(guān)于社會事件起因的一般信念。我們將這些信念稱為社會解釋風(fēng)格。我們在本文中的目標(biāo)是提供和驗證一種衡量社會解釋風(fēng)格中個體差異的方法。因此，我們提供了“社會解釋風(fēng)格問卷”（SESQ），該問卷衡量了社會解釋風(fēng)格的三個獨立維度：處分主義，歷史主義和可控性。研究1-3檢查了SESQ的基本心理計量學(xué)特性，并提供了有關(guān)內(nèi)部一致性，因素結(jié)構(gòu)以及趨同和趨同效度的積極證據(jù)。研究4–6檢驗了每個子量表的預(yù)測效度：每個解釋性維度是否都會緩和一種重要的社會認知現(xiàn)象？結(jié)果表明他們確實如此。在研究4中，我們表明SESQ傾向性會緩和進行自發(fā)性狀推斷的趨勢。在研究5中，我們表明SESQ歷史主義減輕了犯下根本歸因錯誤的趨勢。最后，在研究6中，我們表明SESQ的可控性預(yù)示著道德責(zé)備判斷的兩極分化：向可控污名（同化）的責(zé)備加劇，向不可控污名的責(zé)備（對比）的責(zé)備減弱。數(shù)十年的研究表明，關(guān)于自我的解釋風(fēng)格是自我功能的有力預(yù)測指標(biāo)。我們認為，社會解釋樣式（可能包括SESQ挖掘出的基本維度的互動組合）可能會成為社會功能的有效預(yù)測指標(biāo)。我們希望SESQ將成為探索這種可能性的有用工具。

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  • 年(卷),期 -1(9),7
  • 年度 -1
  • 頁碼 e100886
  • 總頁數(shù) 14
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