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Environmental management: Integrating ecological evaluation remediation restoration natural resource damage assessment and long-term stewardship on contaminated lands

機譯：環(huán)境管理：對受污染土地進行生態(tài)評估修復恢復自然資源破壞評估和長期管理相結(jié)合

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Ecological evaluation is essential for remediation, restoration, and Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA), and forms the basis for many management practices. These include determining status and trends of biological, physical, or chemical/radiological conditions, conducting environmental impact assessments, performing remedial actions should remediation fail, managing ecosystems and wildlife, and assessing the efficacy of remediation, restoration, and long-term stewardship. The objective of this paper is to explore the meanings of these assessments, examine the relationships among them, and suggest methods of integration that will move environmental management forward. While remediation, restoration, and NRDA, among others, are often conducted separately, it is important to integrate them for contaminated land where the risks to ecoreceptors (including humans) can be high, and the potential damage to functioning ecosystems great. Ecological evaluations can range from inventories of local plants and animals, determinations of reproductive success of particular species, levels of contaminants in organisms, kinds and levels of effects, and environmental impact assessments, to very formal ecological risk assessments for a chemical or other stressor. Such evaluations can range from the individual species to populations, communities, ecosystems or the landscape scale. Ecological evaluations serve as the basis for making decisions about the levels and kinds of remediation, the levels and kinds of restoration possible, and the degree and kinds of natural resource injuries that have occurred because of contamination. Many different disciplines are involved in ecological evaluation, including biologists, conservationists, foresters, restoration ecologists, ecological engineers, economists, hydrologist, and geologists. Since ecological evaluation forms the basis for so many different types of environmental management, it seems reasonable to integrate management options to achieve economies of time, energy, and costs. Integration and iteration among these disciplines is possible only with continued interactions among practitioners, regulators, policy-makers, Native American Tribes, and the general public.
機譯：生態(tài)評估對于補救，恢復和自然資源損害評估（NRDA）是必不可少的，并且構(gòu)成許多管理實踐的基礎。其中包括確定生物，物理或化學/放射條件的狀況和趨勢，進行環(huán)境影響評估，在修復失敗時執(zhí)行補救措施，管理生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和野生動植物以及評估修復，恢復和長期管理的有效性。本文的目的是探索這些評估的含義，檢查它們之間的關系，并提出將推動環(huán)境管理向前發(fā)展的整合方法。盡管修復，恢復和NRDA等通常是分開進行的，但重要的是將它們整合到受污染的土地上，因為受污染的土地對電子感受器（包括人類）的風險可能很高，并且對正常運行的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的潛在損害也很大。生態(tài)評估的范圍包括本地植物和動物的清單，特定物種繁殖成功的確定，生物中污染物的水平，影響的種類和水平，環(huán)境影響評估，以及化學或其他壓力源的非常正式的生態(tài)風險評估。這種評估的范圍可以從單個物種到種群，社區(qū)，生態(tài)系統(tǒng)或景觀規(guī)模。生態(tài)評估是決定補救程度和種類，可能的恢復程度和種類以及由于污染造成的自然資源損害的程度和種類的基礎。生態(tài)評估涉及許多不同的學科，包括生物學家，保護主義者，林務員，恢復生態(tài)學家，生態(tài)工程師，經(jīng)濟學家，水文學家和地質(zhì)學家。由于生態(tài)評估是許多不同類型的環(huán)境管理的基礎，因此整合管理選項以節(jié)省時間，能源和成本似乎是合理的。只有在從業(yè)者，監(jiān)管者，政策制定者，美國原住民部落和公眾之間不斷的互動，這些學科之間的整合和迭代才有可能。

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