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Tetrodotoxin Poisoning Due to Pufferfish and Gastropods and Their Intoxication Mechanism

機(jī)譯：河豚和腹足類動物引起的河豚毒素中毒及其中毒機(jī)制

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Marine pufferfish generally contain a large amount of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in their skin and viscera, and have caused many incidences of food poisoning, especially in Japan. Edible species and body tissues of pufferfish, as well as their allowable fishing areas, are therefore clearly stipulated in Japan, but still 2 to 3 people die every year due to pufferfish poisoning. TTX is originally produced by marine bacteria, and pufferfish are intoxicated through the food chain that starts with the bacteria. Pufferfish become nontoxic when fed TTX-free diets in a closed environment in which there is no possible invasion of TTX-bearing organisms. On the other hand, TTX poisoning due to marine snails has recently spread through Japan, China, Taiwan, and Europe. In addition, TTX poisoning of dogs due to the ingestion of sea slugs was recently reported in New Zealand. TTX in these gastropods also seems to be exogenous; carnivorous large snails are intoxicated by eating toxic starfish, and necrophagous small-to-medium snails, the viscera of dead pufferfish after spawning. Close attention must be paid to the geographic expansion and/or diversification of TTX-bearing organisms, and to the sudden occurrence of other forms of TTX poisoning due to their ingestion.
機(jī)譯：海洋河豚的皮膚和內(nèi)臟通常含有大量的河豚毒素 （TTX），并導(dǎo)致許多食物中毒事件，尤其是在日本。因此，日本明確規(guī)定了河豚的可食用物種和身體組織及其允許的捕撈區(qū)域，但每年仍有 2 至 3 人死于河豚中毒。河豚毒素最初是由海洋細(xì)菌產(chǎn)生的，河豚通過以細(xì)菌為起點(diǎn)的食物鏈中毒。當(dāng)河豚在封閉環(huán)境中喂食不含 TTX 的飲食時(shí)，河豚變得無毒，因?yàn)樵谶@些環(huán)境中，攜帶 TTX 的生物體不可能入侵。另一方面，由海洋蝸牛引起的 TTX 中毒最近已蔓延到日本、中國、臺灣和歐洲。此外，新西蘭最近報(bào)告了因攝入海蛞蝓而導(dǎo)致狗只患上河豚毒素中毒。這些腹足類動物的 TTX 似乎也是外源性的;肉食性大型蝸牛因食用有毒的海星而中毒，而 Necrophagous 中小型蝸牛是死河豚產(chǎn)卵后的內(nèi)臟。必須密切關(guān)注攜帶河豚毒素的生物體的地理擴(kuò)張和/或多樣化，以及由于攝入這些生物體而突然發(fā)生其他形式的河豚毒素中毒。

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