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Spontaneous Negative Entropy Increments in Granular Flows

機(jī)譯：粒度流中的自發(fā)負(fù)熵增量

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The entropy inequality, commonly taken as an axiom of continuum mechanics, is found to be spontaneously violated in macroscopic granular media undergoing collisional dynamics. The result falls within the fluctuation theorem of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, which is known to replace the Second Law for finite systems. This phenomenon amounts to the system stochastically displaying negative increments of entropy. The focus is on granular media in Couette flows, consisting of monosized circular disks (with 10 to 104 disks of diameters 0.01 m to 1 m) with frictional-Hookean contacts simulated by molecular dynamics accounting for micropolar effects. Overall, it is determined that the probability of negative entropy increments diminishes with the Eulerian velocity gradient increasing, while it tends to increase in a sigmoidal fashion with the Young modulus of disks increasing. This behavior is examined for a very wide range of known materials: from the softest polymers to the stiffest (i.e., carbyne). The disks’ Poisson ratio is found to have a weak effect on the probability of occurrence of negative entropy increments.
機(jī)譯：熵不等式，通常被視為連續(xù)介質(zhì)力學(xué)的公理，被發(fā)現(xiàn)在經(jīng)歷碰撞動力學(xué)的宏觀顆粒介質(zhì)中自發(fā)地被違反。結(jié)果屬于非平衡熱力學(xué)的漲落定理，已知該定理取代了有限系統(tǒng)的第二定律。這種現(xiàn)象相當(dāng)于系統(tǒng)隨機(jī)顯示負(fù)的熵增量。重點(diǎn)是 Couette 流中的顆粒介質(zhì)，由單一尺寸的圓盤（有 10 到 104 個直徑為 0.01 m 到 1 m 的圓盤）組成，這些圓盤具有由解釋微極效應(yīng)的分子動力學(xué)模擬的摩擦-胡克接觸。總體而言，可以確定負(fù)熵增量的概率隨著歐拉速度梯度的增加而減小，而隨著圓盤的楊氏模量增加，它傾向于以 S 形方式增加。針對非常廣泛的已知材料檢查了這種行為：從最軟的聚合物到最硬的聚合物（即卡賓）。發(fā)現(xiàn)圓盤的泊松比對負(fù)熵增量出現(xiàn)的概率影響很弱。

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