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Antifreeze Peptides and Glycopeptides and Their Derivatives: Potential Uses in Biotechnology

機譯：抗凍肽和糖肽及其衍生物：在生物技術(shù)中的潛在用途

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Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and glycoproteins (AFGPs), collectively called AF(G)Ps, constitute a diverse class of proteins found in various Arctic and Antarctic fish, as well as in amphibians, plants, and insects. These compounds possess the ability to inhibit the formation of ice and are therefore essential to the survival of many marine teleost fishes that routinely encounter sub-zero temperatures. Owing to this property, AF(G)Ps have potential applications in many areas such as storage of cells or tissues at low temperature, ice slurries for refrigeration systems, and food storage. In contrast to AFGPs, which are composed of repeated tripeptide units (Ala-Ala-Thr)n with minor sequence variations, AFPs possess very different primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The isolation and purification of AFGPs is laborious, costly, and often results in mixtures, making characterization difficult. Recent structural investigations into the mechanism by which linear and cyclic AFGPs inhibit ice crystallization have led to significant progress toward the synthesis and assessment of several synthetic mimics of AFGPs. This review article will summarize synthetic AFGP mimics as well as current challenges in designing compounds capable of mimicking AFGPs. It will also cover our recent efforts in exploring whether peptoid mimics can serve as structural and functional mimics of native AFGPs.
機譯：抗凍蛋白（AFP）和糖蛋白（AFGP）統(tǒng)稱為AF（G）P，構(gòu)成了在北極和南極魚類以及兩棲動物，植物和昆蟲中發(fā)現(xiàn)的多種蛋白質(zhì)。這些化合物具有抑制結(jié)冰的能力，因此對于許多經(jīng)常遇到低于零溫度的海洋硬骨魚類的生存至關(guān)重要。由于這種特性，AF（G）Ps在許多領(lǐng)域都有潛在的應(yīng)用，例如在低溫下儲存細(xì)胞或組織，用于制冷系統(tǒng)的冰漿以及食品儲存。與AFGPs由重復(fù)的三肽單元（Ala-Ala-Thr）n組成，其序列差異很小，AFP具有非常不同的一級，二級和三級結(jié)構(gòu)。 AFGP的分離和純化費力，昂貴，并且經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致混合，難以表征。最近對線性和環(huán)狀A(yù)FGP抑制冰晶形成機理的結(jié)構(gòu)研究導(dǎo)致了對AFGP的幾種合成模擬物的合成和評估的重要進(jìn)展。這篇綜述文章將總結(jié)合成的AFGP模擬物，以及當(dāng)前在設(shè)計能夠模擬AFGP的化合物方面面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。它還將涵蓋我們最近在探索類肽模擬物是否可以充當(dāng)天然AFGP的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能模擬物方面的工作。

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