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Hydrogeomorphological Controls On Stream Chemistry And Aquatic Biota In The Catskill Mountains, New York State

機(jī)譯：紐約州卡茨基爾山溪流化學(xué)和水生生物的水文地貌控制

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摘要

Traditional Darcy-based models have not been providing satisfactory answers for watershed scientists working in complex landscapes and new methods are thus being developed. Ideally these new methods would characterize discharge patterns, estimate stream chemistry, and can be transferrable between complex and heterogeneous watersheds. In this dissertation, we develop two such methods by relating hydrologic and geomorphologic (or "hydrogeomorphologic") properties to stream chemistry, biota and (preferential) flow patterns. The research is carried out in two different, well-studied watersheds in the Catskill Mountains, New York State: Neversink River and Town Brook. The 176 km2 Neversink River watershed has a detailed discharge, chemistry, and biotic data for nested sub-watersheds (0.2 to 160 km2) that are affected by acid rain. The results from the Neversink River watershed showed that baseflow stream acid buffering chemistry (ANC values and Ca2+ concentrations) was reduced in subwatersheds that were steeper or had more stream channels. Although speculative, we believe that long-term flushing of base cations from the shallow soils during storm runoff events reduces the acid buffering chemistry during baseflow. A simple geomorphologic relationship, based on mean slope and stream channels per area, was strongly correlated to populations of aquatic biota (macroinvertebrate, periphytic diatom, and fish) in "ungaged" sub-watersheds where discharge was not measured. Town Brook watershed (2.5 km2) was investigated to determine the sources and flowpaths of water during nine rainfall events from April 2007 to October 2007. A combination of hydrometric, chemical, and isotopic data sets was measured and surface saturation maps were developed. The results suggested that during precipitation events greater than 1 cm, hill side saturation areas caused by groundwater springs and soil pipes were a significant runoff source. The properties commonly used to infer surface saturation areas in Town Brook (i.e. slope, upslope area, and/or soil transmissivity) predicted general spatial patterns, but were insufficient to estimate surface saturation at the smallest scales measured ( less than 100 m2). The success of hydrogeomorphologic properties in estimating stream acid buffering chemistry and watershed saturation patterns in the two Catskill watersheds suggest that simple alternatives to traditional Darcy-based predictions may be applicable under certain conditions.
機(jī)譯：傳統(tǒng)的基于達(dá)西的模型尚未為在復(fù)雜景觀中工作的分水嶺科學(xué)家提供令人滿意的答案，因此正在開發(fā)新的方法。理想情況下，這些新方法可以表征流域格局，估算河流化學(xué)性質(zhì)，并且可以在復(fù)雜和非均質(zhì)流域之間轉(zhuǎn)移。在本文中，我們通過將水文和地貌（或“水文地貌”）性質(zhì)與流化學(xué)，生物群和（優(yōu)先）流型聯(lián)系起來，開發(fā)了兩種方法。這項(xiàng)研究是在紐約州卡茨基爾山脈的兩個(gè)不同的，經(jīng)過充分研究的分水嶺上進(jìn)行的：永信河和布魯克鎮(zhèn)。 176 km2的Neversink河流域提供了受酸雨影響的嵌套子流域（0.2至160 km2）的詳細(xì)流量，化學(xué)和生物數(shù)據(jù)。 Neversink河流域的結(jié)果表明，在較陡峭或具有更多河道的子流域，基礎(chǔ)流的酸緩沖化學(xué)物質(zhì)（ANC值和Ca2 +濃度）降低了。盡管是推測(cè)性的，但我們認(rèn)為在暴雨徑流事件中長(zhǎng)期沖洗淺層土壤中的堿陽離子會(huì)降低堿流過程中的酸緩沖化學(xué)作用。一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的地貌關(guān)系，基于每個(gè)區(qū)域的平均坡度和水流通道，與“未灌溉”子流域中未測(cè)量流量的水生生物種群（無脊椎動(dòng)物，周生硅藻和魚類）緊密相關(guān)。在2007年4月至2007年10月的9次降雨事件中，對(duì)Town Brook流域（2.5 km2）進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，以確定水的來源和流徑。測(cè)量了水文，化學(xué)和同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)集，并繪制了表面飽和度圖。結(jié)果表明，在大于1 cm的降水事件中，地下水泉和土壤管道引起的山坡飽和區(qū)域是重要的徑流來源。通常用于推斷Town Brook的表面飽和度區(qū)域（即坡度，上坡區(qū)域和/或土壤透射率）的屬性可預(yù)測(cè)一般的空間格局，但不足以在最小測(cè)量尺度（小于100 m2）下估計(jì)表面飽和度。在兩個(gè)卡茨基爾流域中估算河流酸緩沖化學(xué)和流域飽和度模式的水文地貌特征的成功表明，在某些條件下，傳統(tǒng)達(dá)西預(yù)測(cè)的簡(jiǎn)單替代方法可能適用。

著錄項(xiàng)

  • 作者

    Harpold Adrian;

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  • 年度 2010
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