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The drivers and ecological implications of land use/land cover change in Israel.

機(jī)譯：以色列土地使用/土地覆被變化的驅(qū)動(dòng)因素和生態(tài)影響。

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This dissertation focuses on the demographic and policy drivers of urbanization patterns in Israel and the ecological implications of these patterns. We combine spatial and demographic analyses with three unique bodies of literature (spatial planning, political geography and conservation biology) toward an understanding of the challenges of ecological conservation in Israel.; Chapter one analyzes the discourse of Israeli academics and environmental activists regarding the environmental implications of population growth in Israel. We find that national ideologies and religiosity, coupled with immediate security and social concerns, bound what is considered "sanctioned" discourse regarding population growth, prescribing the rules of academic engagement for this topic.; In chapter two, we analyze the relationship between population growth and land development in Israel at the national, regional, and local scales. While we find a strong positive correlation between population growth and land development rates at all spatial scales, the relationship shows strong variation depending on geographic (core or periphery), ethnic (Jewish or Arab) and land-use (urban or rural) characteristics, and depending on time period. These findings suggest strong influence of government planning and policy on this population-environment relationship. Chapter three expands on the methodologies used for our spatial analyses, comparing the use of survey maps to the use of remotely sensed satellite data for analyses of urban growth.; In chapter four, we consider the influence of demography on land use policies. Using Israel as a case study, we find that countries experiencing internal ethnic conflict or whose borders are insecure often develop two parallel land use policy paradigms with contradictory goals: environmental policies emphasizing protecting open space and ecosystem integrity, and ethno-demographic policies focusing on strengthening control in areas where state sovereignty is perceived to be threatened.; Chapter five focuses on processes driving the loss of biodiversity in Israel. We integrate an analysis of urban development in Israel with an inventory of Red-listed vertebrate species towards an understanding of how land use policies and decisions impact species conservation. We quantify amounts of open space, analyze the spatial configuration of development and review the impact of different types of residential development on local biodiversity.
機(jī)譯：本文主要研究以色列城市化模式的人口和政策驅(qū)動(dòng)因素以及這些模式的生態(tài)意義。我們將空間和人口分析與三個(gè)獨(dú)特的文學(xué)體（空間規(guī)劃，政治地理學(xué)和保護(hù)生物學(xué)）相結(jié)合，以了解以色列的生態(tài)保護(hù)挑戰(zhàn)。第一章分析了以色列學(xué)者和環(huán)境活動(dòng)家關(guān)于以色列人口增長(zhǎng)對(duì)環(huán)境的影響的論述。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，民族意識(shí)形態(tài)和宗教信仰，加上當(dāng)下的安全和社會(huì)關(guān)注，限制了有關(guān)人口增長(zhǎng)的“認(rèn)可”論述，為該主題規(guī)定了學(xué)術(shù)參與的規(guī)則。在第二章中，我們分析了以色列在國(guó)家，地區(qū)和地方范圍內(nèi)的人口增長(zhǎng)與土地開發(fā)之間的關(guān)系。盡管我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在所有空間范圍內(nèi)，人口增長(zhǎng)與土地開發(fā)率之間都存在很強(qiáng)的正相關(guān)性，但這種關(guān)系顯示出很大的差異，具體取決于地理（核心或外圍），種族（猶太或阿拉伯）和土地使用（城市或農(nóng)村）特征，并取決于時(shí)間段。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，政府計(jì)劃和政策對(duì)該人口與環(huán)境的關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了重大影響。第三章對(duì)空間分析方法進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)展，將調(diào)查圖的使用與遙感衛(wèi)星數(shù)據(jù)的使用進(jìn)行了城市發(fā)展分析進(jìn)行了比較。在第四章中，我們考慮了人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)對(duì)土地使用政策的影響。以以色列為例，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)生內(nèi)部種族沖突或邊界不安全的國(guó)家通常會(huì)制定兩個(gè)平行的，具有矛盾目標(biāo)的土地使用政策范式：強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)開放空間和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)完整性的環(huán)境政策，以及著重于加強(qiáng)人類住區(qū)的人口統(tǒng)計(jì)政策在認(rèn)為國(guó)家主權(quán)受到威脅的地區(qū)進(jìn)行控制；第五章重點(diǎn)討論了導(dǎo)致以色列生物多樣性喪失的過(guò)程。我們將以色列的城市發(fā)展分析與列入紅色名錄的脊椎動(dòng)物物種進(jìn)行了整合，以了解土地使用政策和決策如何影響物種保護(hù)。我們量化開放空間的數(shù)量，分析開發(fā)的空間配置，并審查不同類型的住宅開發(fā)對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厣锒鄻有缘挠绊憽?

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