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首頁(yè)> 外文學(xué)位 >The human face of justice: Victims' responses to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission process.
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The human face of justice: Victims' responses to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission process.

機(jī)譯：人道正義：受害者對(duì)南非真相與和解委員會(huì)程序的回應(yīng)。

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摘要

Since 1974, dozens of countries have undergone transitions from repressive regimes, war and civil conflict. A basic dilemma in this context is whether to pursue accountability for perpetrators of human rights violations. Among the modes of transitional justice, truth commissions have emerged as a popular compromise approach. Existing research does not establish if such investigations, typically implemented in lieu of prosecutions, are acceptable to victims of violations.; This dissertation assesses the impact of participation in South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) on victims' attitudes. The analysis relies on data collected in Johannesburg and Cape Town, communities with contrasting histories of violence that were addressed by separate regional offices. Both studies involved retrospective surveys of three cohorts of victims: those who submitted statements to the TRC, those who also testified at public hearings, and those who did neither (pooled N = 404). Eight focus groups preceded the Johannesburg survey; the Cape Town survey was followed by 16 in-depth interviews. Respondents were recruited via random, cluster and convenience sampling.; As hypothesized, participation engenders more favorable responses; however, the effects are inconsistent. Whereas submitting a statement improves perceptions of justice, testifying has little marginal impact. These views are modulated by assessments of the process, which are hardly monolithic. Instead, individual victims are conflicted and exhibit varying responses to distinct aspects of the process. Optimism is high initially, and many participants are satisfied with their involvement, citing numerous benefits. Nevertheless, few victims believe they have received justice; misgivings about substantive outcomes overshadow positive procedural evaluations. Participation can even heighten perceptions of injustice, by increasing expectations. Differences in institutional capacity and outreach also prompt more negative responses among Johannesburg victims relative to Cape Town victims. While dissatisfaction with the TRC is common, such concerns do not induce political disengagement or a desire for retribution. Rather, victims favor mobilization and exercising voice within the democratic dispensation.; These results resonate with available comparative evidence and are pertinent to countries facing similar policy choices. The finding that participatory mechanisms can foster political support, contingent on equitable consideration and conscientious follow-up, has broad implications for designing institutions in new democracies.
機(jī)譯：自1974年以來，數(shù)十個(gè)國(guó)家經(jīng)歷了壓制政權(quán)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的過渡。在這方面的一個(gè)基本難題是是否要追究侵犯人權(quán)行為肇事者的責(zé)任。在過渡司法的各種模式中，真相委員會(huì)已成為一種流行的折衷方法?，F(xiàn)有研究沒有確定這種通常代替起訴進(jìn)行的調(diào)查是否為侵權(quán)行為的受害者所接受。本文評(píng)估了參加南非真相與和解委員會(huì)（TRC）對(duì)受害者態(tài)度的影響。該分析依賴于約翰內(nèi)斯堡和開普敦這兩個(gè)社區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)，這些地區(qū)的暴力歷史截然相反，這是由單獨(dú)的地區(qū)辦事處處理的。兩項(xiàng)研究都涉及對(duì)三個(gè)受害人群體的回顧性調(diào)查：向真相與和解委員會(huì)提交陳述的人，也在公開聽證會(huì)上作證的人以及未作任何陳述的人（匯總N = 404）。約翰內(nèi)斯堡調(diào)查之前有八個(gè)焦點(diǎn)小組；開普敦調(diào)查之后，進(jìn)行了16次深入訪談。通過隨機(jī)，整群和便利抽樣招募受訪者。如設(shè)想的那樣，參與可產(chǎn)生更有利的反應(yīng)；但是，效果不一致。提交陳述可以改善人們對(duì)正義的認(rèn)識(shí)，而作證則幾乎沒有邊際影響。這些視圖是通過對(duì)過程的評(píng)估來調(diào)制的，這幾乎是單塊的。取而代之的是，個(gè)別受害者相互矛盾，并對(duì)過程的各個(gè)方面表現(xiàn)出不同的反應(yīng)。最初，樂觀情緒很高，許多參與者都對(duì)自己的參與感到滿意，并指出了很多好處。然而，很少有受害者相信他們已經(jīng)得到了正義；對(duì)實(shí)質(zhì)性結(jié)果的疑慮掩蓋了積極的程序評(píng)價(jià)。參與甚至可以通過增加期望來提高對(duì)不公正現(xiàn)象的認(rèn)識(shí)。與開普敦受害者相比，約翰內(nèi)斯堡受害者的機(jī)構(gòu)能力和外聯(lián)能力差異也促使他們做出了更多消極反應(yīng)。盡管對(duì)真相與和解委員會(huì)的不滿是常見的，但這種擔(dān)憂不會(huì)引起政治上的脫離接觸或要求報(bào)應(yīng)的愿望。相反，受害者贊成在民主體制內(nèi)動(dòng)員和行使聲音。這些結(jié)果與可獲得的比較證據(jù)產(chǎn)生共鳴，并且與面臨類似政策選擇的國(guó)家有關(guān)。參與機(jī)制可以促進(jìn)政治支持的結(jié)果，取決于公平的考慮和認(rèn)真的后續(xù)行動(dòng)，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)新民主國(guó)家的機(jī)構(gòu)具有廣泛的意義。

著錄項(xiàng)

  • 作者

    Backer, David A.;

  • 作者單位

    University of Michigan.;

  • 授予單位 University of Michigan.;
  • 學(xué)科 Political Science General.; Political Science International Law and Relations.; History African.
  • 學(xué)位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2004
  • 頁(yè)碼 411 p.
  • 總頁(yè)數(shù) 411
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文語(yǔ)種 eng
  • 中圖分類 政治理論;國(guó)際法;非洲史;
  • 關(guān)鍵詞

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