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In recent years,there has been a significant transformation in the field of incoherent imaging with new possibilities of compressing three-dimensional(3D)information into a two-dimensional intensity distribution without two-beam interference(TBI).Most of the incoherent 3D imagers without TBI are based on scattering by a random phase mask exhibiting sharp autocorrelation and low cross-correlation along the depth.Consequently,during reconstruction,high lateral and axial resolutions are obtained.Imaging based on scattering requires an astronomical photon budget and is therefore precluded in many power-sensitive applications.In this study,a proof-of-concept 3D imaging method without TBI using deterministic fields has been demonstrated.A new reconstruction method called the Lucy-Richardson-Rosen algorithm has been developed for this imaging concept.We believe that the proposed approach will cause a paradigm-shift in the current state-of-the-art incoherent imaging,fluorescence microscopy,mid-infrared fingerprinting,astronomical imaging,and fast object recognition applications.
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Bleeding per rectum in children can be seen in congenital as well as acquired conditions that may require medical or surgical management.The present review article is aimed to discuss the imaging findings of some common and uncommon causes of bleeding per rectum in children.
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BACKGROUND Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system.More than 80%of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are not diagnosed until late stage and have distant or local metastases.AIM To investigate the value of computed tomography(CT)perfusion imaging in the evaluation of angiogenesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients.METHODS This is a retrospective cohort study.Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and volunteers without pancreatic diseases underwent CT perfusion imaging from December 2014 to August 2017 in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University Shanghai,China.RESULTS A total number of 35 pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients and 33 volunteers were enrolled.The relative blood flow(r BF),and relative blood volume(r BV)were significantly lower in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma than in the control group(P<0.05).Conversely,the relative permeability in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in controls(P<0.05).In addition,r BF,r BV,and the vascular maturity index(VMI)were significantly lower in gradeⅢ-Ⅳpancreatic adenocarcinoma than in gradeⅠ-Ⅱpancreatic adenocarcinoma(P<0.05).Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),CD105-MVD,CD34-MVD,and angiogenesis rate(AR)were significantly higher in gradeⅢ-Ⅳpancreatic adenocarcinoma than in gradeⅠ-Ⅱpancreatic adenocarcinoma(P<0.05).Significant correlations between r BF and VEGF,CD105-MVD,AR,and VMI(P<0.01)were observed.Moreover,the levels of r BV were statistically significantly correlated with those of VEGF,CD105-MVD,CD34-MVD,and VMI(P<0.01).CONCLUSION Perfusion CT imaging may be an appropriate approach for quantitative assessment of tumor angiogenesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
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Background:We test a deep learning(DL)supported remote diagnosis approach to detect diabetic retinopathy(DR)and other referable retinal pathologies using ultra-wide-field(UWF)Optomap.Methods:Prospective,non-randomized study involving diabetic patients seen at endocrinology clinics.Non-expert imagers were trained to obtain non-dilated images using UWF Primary.Images were graded by two retina specialists and classified as DR or incidental retinal findings.Cohen’s kappa was used to test the agreement between the remote diagnosis and the gold standard exam.A novel DL model was trained to identify the presence or absence of referable pathology,and sensitivity,specificity and area under the receiver operator characteristics curve(AUROC)were used to assess its performance.Results:A total of 265 patients were enrolled,of which 241 patients were imaged(433 eyes).The mean age was 50±17 years,45%of patients were female,34%had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1,and 66%of type 2.The average Hemoglobin A1c was 8.8±2.3%,and 81%were on Insulin.Of the 433 images,404(93%)were gradable,64 patients(27%)were referred to a retina specialist,and 46(19%)were referred to comprehensive ophthalmologist for a referable retinal pathology on remote diagnosis.Cohen’s kappa was 0.58,indicating moderate agreement.Our DL algorithm achieved an accuracy of 82.8%(95%CI:80.3-85.2%),a sensitivity of 81.0%(95%CI:78.5-83.6%),specificity of 73.5%(95%CI:70.6-76.3%),and AUROC of 81.0%(95%CI:78.5-83.6%).Conclusions:UWF Primary can be used in the non-ophthalmology setting to screen for referable retinal pathology and can be successfully supported by an automated algorithm for image classification.
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Artificial intelligence(AI)is a branch of computer science where machines are trained to imitate human-level intelligence and perform well-defined tasks.AI can provide accurate results as well as analyze vast amounts of data that cannot be analyzed via conventional statistical methods.AI has been utilized in pulmonary medicine for almost two decades and its utilization continues to expand.AI can help in making diagnoses and predicting outcomes in pulmonary diseases based on clinical data,chest imaging,lung pathology,and pulmonary function testing.AI-based applications enable physicians to use enormous amounts of data and improve their precision in the treatment of pulmonary diseases.Given the growing role of AI in pulmonary medicine,it is important for practitioners caring for patients with pulmonary diseases to understand how AI can work in order to implement it into clinical practices and improve patient care.The goal of this mini-review is to discuss the use of AI in pulmonary medicine and imaging in cases of obstructive lung disease,interstitial lung disease,infections,nodules,and lung cancer.
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Early detection of pancreatic cancer has long eluded clinicians because of its insidious nature and onset.Often metastatic or locally invasive when symptomatic,most patients are deemed inoperable.In those who are symptomatic,multi-modal imaging modalities evaluate and confirm pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.In asymptomatic patients,detected pancreatic lesions can be either solid or cystic.The clinical implications of identifying small asymptomatic solid pancreatic lesions(SPLs)of<2 cm are tantamount to a better outcome.The accurate detection of SPLs undoubtedly promotes higher life expectancy when resected early,driving the development of existing imaging tools while promoting more comprehensive screening programs.An imaging tool that has matured in its reiterations and received many image-enhancing adjuncts is endoscopic ultrasound(EUS).It carries significant importance when risk stratifying cystic lesions and has substantial diagnostic value when combined with fine needle aspiration/biopsy(FNA/FNB).Adjuncts to EUS imaging include contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS and EUS-elastography,both having improved the specificity of FNA and FNB.This review intends to compile all existing enhancement modalities and explore ongoing research around the most promising of all adjuncts in the field of EUS imaging,artificial intelligence.
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BACKGROUND Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma(LGMS)is a rare malignant tumor.It has no specific clinical manifestations and commonly occurs in the head and neck,extremities and other body parts,with the liver not as its predisposing site.CASE SUMMARY We report a case report of a 58-year-old man with right upper abdominal pain for 11 d.Contrast-enhanced computed tomography(CECT),CE magnetic resonance imaging and CE ultrasound(US)all showed a cystic-solid mass in the right liver.As the initial clinical diagnosis was hepatic cystadenoma,surgical resection was performed,and the postoperative pathology indicated hepatic LGMS.The 3-mo follow-up showed favorable recovery of the patient.However,at 7-mo follow-up,two-dimensional US and CECT showed a suspected metastatic lesion in the rightmiddle abdomen.CONCLUSION Hepatic MS is particularly rare and easily misdiagnosed,more cases will contribute to the understanding and the diagnosis accuracy.
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Objective:Kidney cancers account for approximately 2%of all newly diagnosed cancer in 2020.Among the primary treatment options for kidney cancer,urologist may choose between radical or partial nephrectomy,or ablative therapies.Nowadays,robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy(RAPN)for the management of renal cancers has gained popularity,up to being considered the gold standard.However,RAPN is a challenging procedure with a steep learning curve.Methods:In this narrative review,different imaging technologies used to guide and aid RAPN are discussed.Results:Three-dimensional visualization technology has been extensively discussed in RAPN,showing its value in enhancing robotic-surgery training,patient counseling,surgical planning,and intraoperative guidance.Intraoperative imaging technologies such as intracorporeal ultrasound,near-infrared fluorescent imaging,and intraoperative pathological examination can also be used to improve the outcomes following RAPN.Finally,artificial intelligence may play a role in the field of RAPN soon.Conclusion:RAPN is a complex surgery;however,many imaging technologies may play an important role in facilitating it.
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Introduction: Fibromyomas are benign tumours of frequent uterine location, most often found in black women, whose diagnosis of certainty is histological. The extra uterine location is rare and the physio-pathogenesis is poorly understood. This location poses diagnostic problems on imaging. Management is based on tumour resection. Observation: The authors report a clinical case of a 31-year-old woman who was seen for non-febrile hypogastric pain with a large abdominopelvic mass on physical examination. There was no particular history. The biology did not show any abnormality. Ultrasound with Doppler found a mass that was difficult to characterize, and was completed by a CT scan and a pelvic MRI. The management was surgical with an evolution marked by complications. Conclusion: Ectopic leiomyoma is a rare condition. This location poses diagnostic problems on imaging. Management depends on the type of extra uterine presentation of the myoma.
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Potassium carbonate-based sorbents are prospective materials for direct air capture(DAC).In the present study,we examined and revealed the influence of the temperature swing adsorption(TSA)cycle conditions on the CO_(2) sorption properties of a novel aerogel-based K_(2)CO_(3)/ZrO_(2) sorbent in a DAC process.It was shown that the humidity and temperature drastically affect the sorption dynamic and sorption capacity of the sorbent.When a temperature at the sorption stage was 29°C and a water vapor pressure P_(H2O) in the feed air was 5.2 mbar(1 bar=105 Pa),the composite material demonstrated a stable CO_(2) sorption capacity of 3.4%(mass).An increase in sorption temperature leads to a continuous decrease in the CO_(2) absorption capacity reaching a value of 0.7%(mass)at T=80°C.The material showed the retention of a stable CO_(2) sorption capacity for many cycles at each temperature in the range.Increasing PH2O in the inlet air from 5.2 to 6.8 mbar leads to instability of CO_(2) sorption capacity which decreases in the course of 3 consecutive TSA cycles from 1.7%to 0.8%(mass)at T=29°C.A further increase in air humidity only facilitates the deterioration of the CO_(2) sorption capacity of the material.A possible explanation for this phenomenon could be the filling of the porous system of the sorbent with solid reaction products and an aqueous solution of potassium salts,which leads to a significant slowdown in the CO_(2) diffusion in the composite sorbent grain.To investigate the regeneration step of the TSA cycle in situ,the macro ATRFTIR(attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared)spectroscopic imaging was applied for the first time.It was shown that the migration of carbonate-containing species over the surface of sorbent occurs during the thermal regeneration stage of the TSA cycle.The movement of the active component in the porous matrix of the sorbent can affect the sorption characteristics of the composite material.The revealed features make it possible to formulate the requirements and limitations that need to be taken into account for the practical implementation of the DAC process using the K_(2)CO_(3)/ZrO_(2) composite sorbent.
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