Liu Yong Zou Xiu-fenThe University of Aizu Aizu-Wakamatsu Fukushi-ma 965-8580 JapanSchool of Mathematics and Statistics Wuhan University Wuhan 430072Hubei China
摘要：
The limited ability of the central nervous system(CNS)to regenerate in adult mammals after injury or disease is a significant problem.Intriguingly,neural stem/progenitor cells(NSPCs)offer great promise for regenerating the CNS.Endogenous or transplanted NSPCs contribute to repair processes,but their differentiation and function are abnormal in CNS injury and disease.The main reasons for these abnormalities are changes in the extracellular environment in the injured CNS that affect signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation in NSPCs.
摘要：
Ischemic stroke is a leading disease of the central nervous system,frequently coupled to severe damage and dysfunction in patients.Animal models mimicking human stroke provide useful tools for studying the pathomechanisms(e.g.,inflammation,neuroprotection,and neural regeneration),the treatment efficiency of various materials(e.g.,bioactive molecules or drugs),and transplantation usefulness by various cell types[e.g.,neural stem/progenitor cells(NSPCs),and mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells]under ischemic stroke.
摘要：
Myelomeningocele(MMC)is a severe form of spinal dysraphism.Due to the failure of neural tube closure during early embryonic development,the affected part of the spinal cord is left open like a book at the back of the affected child.This malformed part of the spinal cord is not covered by its protective mesodermal and ectodermal derived layers.Consequently,the exposed neural tissue(i.e.,the neural placode)is prone to injuryduring further intra-uterine development.
摘要：
Cell replacement therapy has long been proposed as a treatment for the damaged nervous system.One of the most challenging aspects of such a strategy,however,is finding sources of donor cells for transplantation.Autologous neural cells are rarely an option as every cell in the nervous system has a defined function that would be lost if that cell was to be removed.One possibility would be sourcing precursor or differentiated cells from fetal tissues;however,aside from ethical issues,heterologous cells are at risk of immunological rejection in the long term.Methodological improvements over the past 15 years have led to the possibility that autologous non-neural cells could be used for cell transplantation through their conversion into neural derivatives.
摘要：
Human spinal cord injury (SCI) results in locomotor and sensory disabilities,which severely affect the quality of life.To restore function after SCI,it is necessary to repair and reconstruct the damaged local circuitry.Major hurdles in neural regeneration include a limited level of neurogenesis in the adult spinal cord and an inflammatory microenvironment that inhibits neurogenesis and axon regeneration.
摘要：
ATXN2 one gene with multiple phenotype effects:ATXN2 gene encodes a cytosolic protein(ataxin-2)with pleiotropic functions(see below).This gene contains a number of exonic Cytosine-Adenine-Guanine(CAG)-repeats which encodes a polyglutamine tract(polyQ)in the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region(IDR)of the protein.ATXN2CAG repeats are interrupted by CAA codons which is relevant only for DNA and RNA but not for protein since CAA also encodes glutamine(Q).
摘要：
As reported in July 2021 in The New England Journal of Medicine,a neural implant helped a paralyzed man speak his first compre-hensible words in 18 years:“My family is outside”[1,2].The achievement—albeit in a single patient,nicknamed Pancho,who as a 20-year-old in 2003 suffered a severe stroke following a hor-rific car crash—highlights recent progress in engineering brain–computer interfaces(BCIs).The algorithms that control the array of electrodes placed onto the speech areas of Pancho’s brain and translate his neural activity into words were developed by researchers at the University of California,San Francisco(UCSF).The team hopes their work could one day restore the ability to communicate to the thousands of people each year that lose the capacity to speak due to stroke,disease,or injury.
摘要：
The mammalian central nervous system(CNS)is highly complex,with a vast array of processes and interactions occurring in a dynamic and often transient manner.How these processes are combined to regulate our behavior remains poorly understood.This has in turn led to a lack of understanding of how these processes have gone awry in the many disorders of the nervous system.In order to address this,researchers need a controlled way to manipulate the nervous system in in vitro and ex vivo cultures,in both a specific area and for a specific period of time to start to pick apart these interactions.To date,this has been technically challenging,especially when modeling focal injury to the CNS or when working with human brain tissue.
摘要：
The human body is populated by a large number of microbial colonies,with an estimated 10-100 trillion microbes.The total genome size of human microbial colonies by far overwhelms the size of the host’s genome.This heterogenous group of microbial colonies(primarily bacteria,but also archaea,eukaryotes and viruses)is referred to with the term microbiota,and although most of them populate the gut,microbes are also detectable in many other organs of the body,especially in the distal tracts of the genitourinary system and the skin.Over the last years,an increasing amount of evidence has been accumulated on how the microbiota exerts a significant influence on the development and physiology of the human body.
摘要：
Birds have acute vision and many remarkable visual cognition abilities,due to their unique living environment.The underlying neural mechanisms have also attracted interests of researchers in neuroscience.Here,we firstly summarize the visual cognition abilities of birds,and make a comparison with mammals.Secondly,the underlying neural mechanisms are presented,including histological structure of avian brain and visual pathways,typical experimental results and conclusions in electrochemistry and electrophysiology.The latter mainly focuses on several higher brain areas related to visual cognition,including mesopallium ventrolaterale,entopallium,visual Wulst,and nidopallium caudolaterale.Finally,we make a conclusion and provide a suggestion about future studies on revealing the neural mechanisms of avian visual cognition.This review presents a detailed understanding of avian visual cognition and would be helpful in ornithology studies in the field of cognitive neuroscience.
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